What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal?

 Q. What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal? 

The Muluki Ain was a legal code introduced during Jung Bahadur Rana's reign in Nepal. It laid down various provisions related to social hierarchy, including the caste system.

The caste system mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. The system was discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality, with individuals being restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste.

It is important to note that the Muluki Ain was eventually replaced by the new Civil Code in Nepal in 2017, which removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that has existed in Nepali society for centuries. The 1854 Muluki Ain was a legal code that further entrenched and codified the caste system in Nepal.

The Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The caste system in Nepal was highly discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality. Individuals were restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste. For example, members of the lower castes were often denied education, and their employment opportunities were limited to menial jobs such as cleaning and farming. In contrast, members of the higher castes were able to access education and had access to a wider range of employment opportunities.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, it still persists in many parts of the country, and discrimination based on caste is still prevalent. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

In conclusion, the caste system in Nepal mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain was a discriminatory system of social stratification that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of Nepal. However, progress has been made in recent years, and the new Civil Code in Nepal ensures equal rights for all citizens, regardless of their caste.

Q. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. 

The caste system in Nepal, as codified in the Muluki Ain of 1854, was a hierarchical system of social stratification that divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Brahmins were at the top of the caste hierarchy and were considered the purest and most learned of all castes. They were responsible for religious rituals, such as conducting pujas and performing other religious ceremonies. The Kshatriyas were the second-highest caste and were traditionally warriors and rulers. They were responsible for defending the country and maintaining law and order.

The Vaishyas were the third-highest caste and were traditionally traders and merchants. They were responsible for economic activities and commerce. The Shudras were at the bottom of the caste hierarchy and were traditionally laborers and servants. They were responsible for menial jobs such as farming, cleaning, and other low-skilled work.

Within each caste, there were sub-castes, which further divided society based on specific occupations or professions. For example, within the Brahmin caste, there were sub-castes such as the Bahun, Chhetri, and Thakuri. Similarly, within the Shudra caste, there were sub-castes such as the Kami, Damai, and Sarki.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of the country. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

Q. Marry Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make an argument?

Marry Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal. In her research, she argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas.

Cameron's argument is based on the observation that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to Dalitscation and other opportunities. However, in rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs. She argues that the focus on urban areas has led to a neglect of the needs and experiences of rural Dalits.

Furthermore, Cameron argues that there is a need for a more nuanced approach to Dalit identity politics that takes into account the diversity of experiences and challenges faced by Dalits across different regions of Nepal. She suggests that a more inclusive approach to Dalit politics, which includes the voices and perspectives of rural Dalits, is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

In conclusion, Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. She suggests that a more inclusive approach that takes into account the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

Summary:

1. What is the caste system in Nepal? 

   - The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that divides Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

   - Within each caste, there are sub-castes that further divide society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The caste system is based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

2. What is the Muluki Ain of 1854 in Nepal? 

    

    - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The Muluki Ain was a legal code that laid down various provisions related to caste and social hierarchy in Nepal.

   - It divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

3. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste.

   - The system divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

4. Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make this argument? -

   - Mary Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal.

   - She argues that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to education and other opportunities.

   - In rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

   - Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs.

What kind of food to eat in the rainy season?

What kind of food to eat in the rainy season?

During the rainy season, the disease is more severe than before. Due to hot heat, there are many problems of sweating, dehydration, sore throat, laziness, laziness. Diseases like whooping cough, diarrhoea, typhoid and flu are more common in rainy season.

Therefore, special attention should be paid to food during this season. Eat fresh food as much as possible, it is best to stay away from stale food. Emphasis should be placed on foods rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals to increase immunity.

vegetables

It is good to eat cauliflower, banta, banana, golvenda, green vegetables, bodi, parsley, Parsley sprouts during rainy season. These vegetables are rich in vitamins and minerals. Spicy foods should be reduced during this season. Eating too much spices can increase body temperature and blood circulation.

Similarly, it is better to eat less salt in this season. Eating too much salt will dry up the body's water, so its intake should be reduced. When cooking vegetables, it is beneficial to wash them thoroughly and eat them shortly after they are cooked.

Be careful while buying vegetables. Buying fresh vegetables as much as possible will not destroy the minerals in them. Which also increases the body's fitness and ability to fight disease.

fruits

Fruits should be eaten in a balanced way during rainy season. Seasonal fruits like mango, apple, pomegranate, mango, pear are best to eat in this season. When eating fruits, they should be eaten only after washing them well. You can also make fruit juice and eat it, but don't eat too much. Drinking too much fruit juice can cause diarrhea.

High protein

It is equally important to complete the amount of protein in the body during rainy season. Therefore, you should eat plenty of foods like milk, curd, legumes, mushrooms, and meat. These foods keep the body healthy and increase its ability to fight disease. It is beneficial for health to eat all foods except milk and curd by frying and not by making jhol or gravy.

Fiber-rich foods

Fiber is also necessary for digesting high protein foods. For that, you can eat lettuce, avocado, apple, kafal, banana, orange, almond, walnut, pesta, babri, sauf, Rajma, soybean, dal. Foods rich in fiber keep the stomach clean and also get rid of rectal problems

Ghee, cheese, butter, which provide good fat, can be eaten in the rainy season in a balanced manner.

the water

As the rainy season is also the time of summer, you should drink plenty of water. At this time, if you don't want to drink only plain water, you can also mix it with living water. Do not drink water as cold as possible because there is a risk of sewage bursting, water pipe bursting and the sewage water mixing with it. Which directly affects the drinking water. Therefore, water should be boiled and filtered, filtered and drunk only. It is better to carry water in a bag when going out.

7 foods that increase good cholesterol in the body

7 foods that increase good cholesterol in the body

A fat-like substance produced by the liver in the body is called cholesterol. Cholesterol is necessary for vitamin D, digestion and the production of many hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol and aldosterone. The amount of cholesterol in the body should be appropriate for various physical activities. Having cholesterol in the body is not dangerous, but increasing bad cholesterol is bad.

Cholesterol is mainly of two types 'HDL' and 'LDL'. High-density lipoprotein or 'HDL' is considered good cholesterol. It is believed to help remove blockages in our arteries and helps flush out bad cholesterol. Another is low-density lipoprotein or 'LDL', the bad cholesterol, which clogs arteries and increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Bad cholesterol increases the risk of heart disease, while good cholesterol indirectly protects against the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease.

Why does bad cholesterol increase?

Due to hereditary reasons, unhealthy lifestyle, excessive consumption of processed foods and people with heart disease, obesity, cholesterol can be a problem. A study by the US government agency CDC "Center for Disease Control and Prevention" said that to reduce bad cholesterol, you need to change your diet and lifestyle.

Bad cholesterol is raised by trans fats, which are high in packaged foods. Saturated fat from various animal meats, fried and processed foods etc. increases bad cholesterol. Processed foods, foods high in carbohydrates and snacks eaten while drinking alcohol also increase bad cholesterol.

Foods that increase good cholesterol

Just as diet is responsible for increasing bad cholesterol in the body, food also plays a role in increasing good cholesterol. If the bad cholesterol is reduced, the good cholesterol will automatically increase in our body. Also, good cholesterol can be increased by eating certain foods.

Mainly 6 foods are beneficial to increase good cholesterol. Nuts, almonds, walnuts, almonds, fish, avocados, olive oil and oats help increase good cholesterol.

This is how face yoga can be done to brighten the face

This is how face yoga can be done to brighten the face

People are taking various measures to look beautiful and attractive. They resort to different types of creams, treatments and many other measures. Although all these will bring shine to the face, it cannot reduce the effects of aging on the face.

In such a situation, exercise for the face can prove to be very useful. For this you can do 'face yoga'. Just as yoga is important for health, it is equally beneficial for the face. How to do 'face yoga' to make your face attractive, what are its benefits? let's know

What is face yoga?

Face yoga is the exercise of facial muscles. It can make facial muscles flexible, improve blood circulation, relax, nourish and reduce the effects of aging on the skin.

What kind of yoga?

Lion pose

Throne yoga is done as a lion opens its mouth while roaring. It strengthens the mouth muscles. The lion pose tightens all the muscles of the face, improves blood circulation and also brings glow. This is one of the best yoga for face.

method

- First of all, lay a mat on the floor. This method can also be done sitting in bed.

-Sitting in Sukhasana and touching the mat with your hands. Extend the fingers of both hands near the knees. In this case, the elbow should be straight.

- Open your mouth well, stick your tongue out, spread your tongue out and roar like a lion so that the pressure on the facial muscles is reached.

-Repeat twice or four times every day in the morning.

Tap

It is important to start your routine by gently tapping the entire face and neck with your fingertips, i.e. by applying quick pressure to the face with your fingertips. This awakens the skin, increases blood circulation and produces elastin and collagen. makes

method

- Apply pressure by tapping on your forehead with the tips of your fingers, start tapping from the middle of the forehead and move towards the forehead.

-Starting from the chin and going through the base of the nose, tap the tap on your cheeks.

- Keep tapping your cheeks in an upward motion from the chin bone to the cheek bone.

-Tap above the upper lip for about three seconds, then tap tap below the lower lip for a few seconds.

Happy Frog

When a frog croaks like it is happy, it is called 'Happy Frog'. Face volume decreases with age. This pose tightens sagging cheeks and makes them look fuller.

In this mudra, the lower lip and the upper lip are joined together to make a smile. Repeat this exercise 20 times.

Kisses and smiles

In this practice, the lips are made to smile for a while and kiss for a while. It does not cause wrinkles on the cheeks.

method

- Take it near the lips with the thieving finger and middle finger.

- Then close the mouth and make a shape as if kissing and give a smile.

- Sit in the kissing posture for 10 seconds and then keep smiling for 10 seconds.

-Then come to rest position.

fish face

This mudra brightens the face and makes the lips look pink. Helps to improve muscle function.

method

- Close your eyes first.

-Pull your lips and cheeks inward to give a fish-like shape and hold for 30 seconds.

-Then smile for 30 seconds.

- Do this yoga three to five times a day.

Chin lift

Many people are suffering from the problem of double chin. Double chin makes laughing and speaking difficult. Chin lift yoga is the solution to this problem. In addition, it also works to improve the functioning of the jaw and neck muscles.

method

-Lift your head and look at the ceiling.

- Push forward as if trying to kiss the ceiling while trying to reach your lips. Continue this for a few seconds.

- Slowly return to your previous position.

-Repeat this facial yoga process three to four times.

Mouthwash technique

Mouthwash Technique Yoga is very easy and can be done at any time. The mouthwash method helps to tone the cheeks and remove excess fat from the face. This yoga is also effective in the problem of double chin.

method

- When rinsing your mouth with water, fill your cheeks with air in your mouth as if you were filling your mouth with water.

-When tired, rest for a while.

- Repeat this process two-three times.

Eye focus

This eye yoga helps to make the eyebrows beautiful and attractive.

method

- Spread your eyes as wide as possible. Do not squint your eyes while doing this.

- Now pay attention to see things as far away as possible.

-Slowly pay attention to nearby things.

-Repeat this process for a few seconds, rest for a few seconds.

Can the tattoo be removed completely?

Can the tattoo be removed completely?

The practice of carving tattoos on various parts of the body was not only present in Nepal but also since before. Especially Newar, Tharu and other communities have a tradition of tattooing. But recently tattoo is growing as a fashion. There is a craze for tattoos in today's youth.

Why does chayapoto come on the face?

Why does chayapoto come on the face?

Who doesn't love clean, glowing and blemish-free skin? But sometimes due to skin diseases and sometimes due to our own carelessness, facial skin problems occur.

The versatility of Timur

 The versatility of Timur

Its mainly used part is the fruit. Timur pickles are very popular in Nepal. In China, it is called Hua Chiao, and Timur is widely used in popular dishes such as Thuppa and Hotpot. If the production of cloves is low in India, Timur is used as a supplement in toothpaste. Due to its high content of linalool, it is effective in the treatment of wounds, pain, swelling, swelling and allergies. Its fruit is also useful in carminative, toothache, stomach ache, cold, urinary problems. It is used in tea because it absorbs cold towards the mountains. There is also a tradition of carrying Timur to eat hot jhol when going to the mountains. Raw timur found in the forest or in the field should not be eaten. The volatile oil in it causes swelling. If it is eaten by leaning somewhere, you should chew mud, orange or Chotra bud. Do not drink water when you have a fever.

Cultivation of plant production and planting of seedlings

Transmission of Timur can be done in two ways. From seeds and stem cuttings. The easiest way is from seeds. Since the stem has thorns, cutting becomes more difficult and the success rate is not high. 20 to 70 percent results have been obtained from seeds. If the seeds are plucked in the bud or if the planting method is not suitable, it will grow very little.

After the Department of Plantation expanded its organization to seven districts and established offices and started imparting technical knowledge on farming techniques, the commercial cultivation of Timur, which is collected and sold from the wild, especially in Salyan and surrounding districts, has started. has done For plant production and cultivation techniques, climate and soil, collection and storage methods, contact can be made with the Department of Botany Thapathali, Salyan of the Department of Botany (as Timur is a special research) and other research centers and various forest offices in the district.

Product market and potential

Timur market is good. Currently, its market price ranges from 500 to 800 rupees per kg. Graded Timur is sold for between 1000 and 1500 rupees per kg. There is also a record that it was sold for more than three thousand rupees if it was certified organic. Even at the current market price, after five years of starting cultivation, the income can be up to 4-5 lakh rupees per hectare per year. Income may increase after 10 years. Since the first five years will be earning work, you can also get income from plants by keeping a nursery together. During the lockdown, the market was a bit slow, but now it is climbing again. A mature plant produces four kg of timur per head. It is also found that fruits up to 8-10 kg can be found in older trees. One person can pick up to four kg of timur in a day.

Problems encountered in Timur cultivation

Currently, the problem in Timur cultivation is the high cost of picking Timur due to thorns, the fruit drop in the bud and the effect of leafhoppers and leaf/fruit sucking insects on the plant, Fusarium wilts have been seen on the fruit and leaves. For both diseases, using organic pesticides and if it is not found, the medicine named Imidacloprid for the scaly/sucking insects and the medicine containing chlorothalonil for the caterpillars works. Farmers have also reported the problem of flowering and fruiting again without the season. The reality is seen in the field where fruits are damaged by hail.

Therefore, apart from the subsidy based on the production, it seems to be in the interest of the common farmers to implement the crop insurance program of Timur prepared by the Department of Plantation as soon as possible. From East to West Nepal, there is no doubt that Timur will become a future pension because it can be cultivated even up to a height of 1,000 to 2,500 meters in the fields that do not need much care and are abandoned, and the land next to the forest.

The Structure of Sociological Theory 

About Jonathan H. Turner

Jonathan H. Turner is a prominent American sociologist, who has made significant contributions to the fields of social theory, organizational theory, and sociology of emotions. He was born in 1942 in St. Louis, Missouri, and obtained his Ph.D. in sociology from Cornell University in 1968.

Introduction: The Modernity of Caste

From the book Castes of Mind

"Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India" is a book written by Nicholas B. Dirks, which explores the origins and evolution of the caste system in India. In the introduction, "The Modernity of Caste," Dirks argues that the caste system is not an ancient or fixed tradition but rather a modern construction that emerged in the colonial period.

 What are the 5 components of a research?

Research components are introduction, literature review, method, results,

discussion, and conclusion

Why does the body need sour cream?

There is a proverb in Nepali - red is good, sweet. But it's not just sweets, there are other flavors as well. The tongue experiences sour, bitter, salty, bitter, and sour tastes. All those flavors have their own importance. Nutrient elements are also found in different flavors of food.

These are the 5 signs when someone is falling in love

These are the 5 signs when someone is falling in love

Osho, the great interpreter of love, says, "Love has no language." The flower of love blooms in silence. Love is music, love is a melodious echo.

How to clean the menstrual cup?

Menstrual cups have made many women comfortable during menstruation. Not only the method of using it but also the cleaning process should be given special attention.

What happens if you leave the rice immediately?

Due to problems like obesity and diabetes, some people now choose other foods as an alternative to rice. However, our main dish is rice, which has been cooking in our kitchen for generations. However, the number of people who stop eating rice is also increasing now.

If there is a problem in the ear, the child does not speak, what is the treatment?

Parents want their child to be fine in every way. To be able to walk, play, laugh, speak, see, hear. But as the newborn baby grows up, the developmental response of these things gradually begins to appear. Therefore, parents do not easily know that their baby has a hearing problem.

From tasting to digesting food: how the tongue works

We often abuse the tongue, saying it is a tasteful tongue. Because we forget to take care of our health when we indulge in the taste of the tongue. There is another popular saying related to the tongue, it is better to shake the head of one and a half dharni than to flap the tongue of two tolas. In other words, speaking indiscriminately is also the fault of the tongue.

What happens when fat accumulates in the liver?

Liver is an important organ of the body, which not only helps to digest food but also helps to remove toxins from the body. The liver also stores energy in the form of glucose.

If the tooth is eaten by worms, should it be pulled out or filled with fluoride cement?

In recent times, awareness about the disease is increasing among the common citizens. But oral and dental health is not given much attention. Common dental diseases are found in most people. It can happen at any age.

Why does the baby live outside the womb?

Many physical changes occur during pregnancy. When the fertilized egg attaches to the uterus, pregnancy begins. But in some pregnant women, there is also the problem of the baby sitting outside the uterus.

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