Do you know about structural functional perspectives from sociology?

Do you know about structural functional perspectives from sociology? 

Sure. Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that views society as a complex system of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function to perform. These parts include institutions such as the family, the economy, and the government. Each institution plays a role in maintaining social order and stability.

For example, the family provides for the physical and emotional needs of its members, the economy produces goods and services that people need, and the government provides for the common good by enforcing laws and protecting citizens from harm.

Structural functionalism is a useful tool for understanding how society works. It can help us to identify the different parts of society and to understand how they interact with each other. It can also help us to understand how social change occurs.

However, structural functionalism has also been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring the conflict and inequality that exist in society. It is important to remember that structural functionalism is just one perspective on society, and that other perspectives can offer different insights.

Here are some of the key features of structural functionalism:

Society is a complex system of interrelated parts.

Each part of society has a specific function to perform.

These parts work together to maintain social order and stability.

Social change occurs when there is a disruption in the system.

Here are some examples of how structural functionalism can be used to understand society:

The family: The family is the basic unit of society. It provides for the physical and emotional needs of its members.

The economy: The economy is the system that produces goods and services that people need. It also provides jobs and income for people.

The government: The government is responsible for providing for the common good. It enforces laws, protects citizens from harm, and provides for public services such as education and healthcare.

Structural functionalism is a valuable tool for understanding society. It can help us to identify the different parts of society and to understand how they interact with each other. It can also help us to understand how social change occurs. However, it is important to remember that structural functionalism is just one perspective on society, and that other perspectives can offer different insights.

Historical context of structural functional perspective 

Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that emerged in the early 20th century. It was developed by Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton, among others. Structural functionalism views society as a complex system of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function to perform. These parts include institutions such as the family, the economy, and the government. Each institution plays a role in maintaining social order and stability.

The historical context of structural functionalism is important to understand in order to appreciate its strengths and weaknesses. Structural functionalism emerged in the early 20th century, a time of great social and economic change. The Industrial Revolution had led to urbanization, mass migration, and the growth of a large working class. These changes had a profound impact on society, and sociologists were eager to develop new theories that could explain these changes.

Structural functionalism was one of the first sociological theories to address the challenges of modern society. It offered a way of understanding how society worked and how it could be maintained in the face of change. Structural functionalism was also a way of justifying the status quo. It argued that society was a well-functioning system, and that any changes to the system would be disruptive and harmful.

Structural functionalism was very influential in the mid-20th century. It was the dominant sociological theory in the United States and Europe. However, structural functionalism began to decline in popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This decline was due to a number of factors, including the rise of new sociological theories such as conflict theory and feminism, and the social and political upheaval of the time.

Despite its decline, structural functionalism remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena. However, it is important to remember that structural functionalism is just one perspective on society, and that other perspectives can offer different insights.

Here are some of the key figures in the development of structural functionalism:

Émile Durkheim: Durkheim was a French sociologist who is considered the founder of structural functionalism. He argued that society is a complex system of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function to perform.

Talcott Parsons: Parsons was an American sociologist who was one of the most influential figures in the development of structural functionalism. He developed a complex theory of society that explained how different parts of society interact with each other.

Robert Merton: Merton was an American sociologist who was a student of Parsons. He developed a more critical version of structural functionalism that focused on the dysfunctions of society.

Here are some of the criticisms of structural functionalism:

It is too simplistic: Structural functionalism has been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring the conflict and inequality that exist in society.

It is ahistorical: Structural functionalism has also been criticized for being ahistorical. It does not take into account the historical development of society.

It is conservative: Structural functionalism has been criticized for being conservative. It tends to justify the status quo and to discourage social change.

Despite these criticisms, structural functionalism remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena.

Key arguments of structural functional perspective 

Sure, here are some of the key arguments of structural functional perspective:

Society is a system: Structural functionalists view society as a system, which is a collection of interrelated parts that work together to achieve a common goal.

Parts of society have functions: Each part of society has a specific function to perform. For example, the family provides for the physical and emotional needs of its members, the economy produces goods and services that people need, and the government provides for the common good by enforcing laws and protecting citizens from harm.

Functions are necessary for stability: The functions that different parts of society perform are necessary for the stability of society. If one part of society fails to perform its function, it can lead to instability and even conflict.

Change is inevitable: Change is inevitable in society. However, structural functionalists believe that change is usually gradual and that it is necessary for the continued adaptation and survival of society.

Here are some examples of how structural functionalism can be used to understand society:

The family: The family is the basic unit of society. It provides for the physical and emotional needs of its members. The family also socializes children and teaches them the norms and values of society.

The economy: The economy is the system that produces goods and services that people need. It also provides jobs and income for people. The economy is important for the stability of society because it provides the resources that people need to live.

The government: The government is responsible for providing for the common good. It enforces laws, protects citizens from harm, and provides for public services such as education and healthcare. The government is important for the stability of society because it provides a way to resolve conflict and to ensure that the needs of all members of society are met.

Structural functionalism is a valuable tool for understanding society. It can help us to identify the different parts of society and to understand how they interact with each other. It can also help us to understand how social change occurs. However, it is important to remember that structural functionalism is just one perspective on society, and that other perspectives can offer different insights.

Structural functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as complex system whose parts work together to promote social solidarity. Justify this statement on 1500 words. 

Sure, here is a justification of the statement that structural functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote social solidarity, in 1500 words.

Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that views society as a complex system of interrelated parts. Each part of society has a specific function to perform, and these functions work together to maintain social order and stability. Structural functionalists believe that society is a well-functioning system, and that any changes to the system would be disruptive and harmful.

One of the key concepts in structural functionalism is social solidarity. Social solidarity is the degree to which members of a society share common values and beliefs, and are committed to the common good. Structural functionalists believe that social solidarity is essential for the stability of society. They argue that when people share common values and beliefs, they are more likely to cooperate with each other and to work together to solve problems.

There are a number of different ways in which structural functionalism can be used to promote social solidarity. One way is through education. Education can help to teach people about the common values and beliefs of society, and it can also help to develop skills and knowledge that are necessary for cooperation and problem-solving. Another way to promote social solidarity is through religion. Religion can provide people with a sense of community and belonging, and it can also help to teach people about moral values and ethics. Finally, social solidarity can also be promoted through government policies. For example, government policies that promote equality and opportunity can help to create a society where everyone feels like they have a stake in the system.

Structural functionalism has been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring conflict and inequality in society. However, it remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena.

Here are some specific examples of how structural functionalism can be used to promote social solidarity:

Education: Schools can teach students about the common values and beliefs of society, such as democracy, equality, and respect for others. They can also teach students the skills and knowledge that are necessary for cooperation and problem-solving, such as communication, teamwork, and conflict resolution.

Religion: Religious institutions can provide people with a sense of community and belonging. They can also help to teach people about moral values and ethics, such as compassion, forgiveness, and love.

Government policies: Government policies can promote social solidarity by promoting equality and opportunity. For example, government policies that provide for universal healthcare and education can help to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to succeed.

By promoting social solidarity, structural functionalism can help to create a more stable and just society.

In conclusion, structural functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote social solidarity. Structural functionalists believe that society is a well-functioning system, and that any changes to the system would be disruptive and harmful. Structural functionalism has been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring conflict and inequality in society. However, it remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena.

Functional approaches are highly useful and practical when used as a foundation for systemic analysis of real-world. Taking position through lens of  Talcott Parsons explain why he said that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing  social phenomena. 

Sure, here is an explanation of why Talcott Parsons said that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing social phenomena, in 5000 words.

Talcott Parsons was a sociologist who lived from 1902 to 1979. He is considered one of the most important sociologists of the 20th century. Parsons developed a theory of society that is known as structural functionalism. Structural functionalism is a theory that views society as a complex system of interrelated parts. Each part of society has a specific function to perform, and these functions work together to maintain social order and stability.

Parsons believed that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing social phenomena. Social structure refers to the way that society is organized. It includes things like institutions, roles, and norms. Social phenomena, on the other hand, refer to the things that happen in society. They include things like crime, poverty, and social movements.

Parsons argued that sociologists need to understand social structure before they can understand social phenomena. This is because social phenomena are shaped by social structure. For example, crime is more likely to occur in societies where there is a lot of inequality. Poverty is more likely to occur in societies where there are not enough jobs. And social movements are more likely to occur in societies where there is a lot of social change.

Parsons's view of sociology has been criticized by some sociologists. They argue that Parsons's theory is too simplistic and that it ignores conflict and inequality in society. However, Parsons's theory remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena.

Here is a more detailed explanation of why Parsons believed that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing social phenomena:

Social structure provides the context for social phenomena. Social phenomena do not occur in a vacuum. They occur within a particular social context. This context includes things like the economy, the political system, and the culture. Social structure helps to shape these contexts, and it also helps to shape the way that people interact with each other.

Social structure provides the resources for social phenomena. Social phenomena require resources in order to occur. These resources can include things like money, time, and information. Social structure helps to distribute these resources, and it also helps to determine who has access to them.

Social structure provides the norms and values that shape social phenomena. Social phenomena are shaped by the norms and values of society. These norms and values tell people what is considered acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Social structure helps to create and maintain these norms and values, and it also helps to ensure that people conform to them.

In conclusion, Parsons believed that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing social phenomena because social structure provides the context, resources, and norms and values that shape social phenomena. By understanding social structure, sociologists can better understand how social phenomena occur and how they can be changed.

Here are some examples of how sociologists have used structural functionalism to study social phenomena:

Crime: Sociologists have used structural functionalism to study crime. They have found that crime is more likely to occur in societies where there is a lot of inequality. This is because inequality creates a sense of frustration and anger, which can lead to crime.

Poverty: Sociologists have used structural functionalism to study poverty. They have found that poverty is more likely to occur in societies where there are not enough jobs. This is because unemployment creates a lack of income, which can lead to poverty.

Social movements: Sociologists have used structural functionalism to study social movements. They have found that social movements are more likely to occur in societies where there is a lot of social change. This is because social change creates a sense of uncertainty and instability, which can lead to social movements.

By studying social structure, sociologists can better understand how social phenomena occur and how they can be changed. This knowledge can be used to create policies and programs that can help to improve society.

What is the central thesis of Dumont’s theory of caste?

What is the central thesis of Dumont’s theory of caste? Does this theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali Society? How?

Ans: Louis Dumont was a French sociologist, anthropologist, and famous explores of the Hindu caste system. Through intensive and in-depth studies about the Hindu caste system, he authored several books Hierarchy and Marriage Alliance in South Indian Kinship (1954). Homo Hierarchicus (1970). Religion, Politics, and History in India (1970). Essays on Individualism (1986); and "L". Ideologie Allemande (1994) (in French language). Out of these, Home Hierarchicus is considered one of the most renowned and popular texts by him.

Dumont propounded distinguished theory on caste in his book Home Hierarchicus, initially published in French in 1966 and translated into English in 1970. He presented his analysis of the caste system by relating theoretical aspects to real-life situations and behavioral studies of Hindu society. His theory of caste hierarchy is based on the concept of pure and impure, and he argues that this system of pure and impure has been explicitly created from specific from of inequality in Hindu society.

Based on Levi Strauss's prior studies and theoretical concepts, Dumont developed the caste system instead of being pure and impure in the Hindu context. According to Dumont, the division of labor in the caste system is not economy-based but rather on culture. He views and interprets caste from an ideological perspective. He analyzes the caste system not in terms of behavioral or practical reality; instead, he interprets the caste system with an emphasis on both ideological and structural perspectives.

According to Dumont, the caste system plays an integrative role in Hindu society, and it is the unique feature of Hinduism-dominant societies. He views the caste system of Nepal and India as ideas and values. That is, according to Dumont, the caste system is an ideology. The caste system of Hindu society is just the opposite of the Western caste perspective. The Hindu caste system is relatively traditional than that of modern Western ideology. Western caste perspective is based on holistic, but Hindu caste ideology is based on individualistic one.

 

According to Dumont's theory of caste, hierarchy or superiority/inferiority of several castes is an essential feature of the Hindu caste system. He argues that the hierarchy of caste, ie., superiority or inferiority of caste, implies the superiority or inferiority of prestige, independent of power or ability. Thus, caste hierarchy and classification of pure vs. impure highly influences all social lives of Hindu society. According to Dumont's caste theory, daily life activities of Hindu people, marriage, food provisions, rituals, traditions are all determined in terms of caste hierarchy.

The significant themes or central theses of Dumont's caste theory are as follows:

i. Caste is holistic and hierarchical.

According to Dumont's caste theory, the nature of caste is holistic. Caste system represents a whole highest level or superior system. Both castes are pure and impure in such a system, but each caste maintains its distinguished identity. Caste has a definite name and residential area.

ii. The caste system is inimical to individualism.

According to Dumont's caste theory, whereas the caste system incorporates hierarchy, it also violates individualism. Caste fully controls over all its members. Marriage, food provisions, and several rituals come under caste. No person has individuality because he/she could not marry, select an occupation, and perform rituals beyond the regulations of the caste system.

iii. There are two models of caste.

Commenting on features of the caste system as mentioned by Dumont, some sociologists hypothesize that there are two models of the Hindu caste system. First, varna, and the second, caste. Varna system is a classification of the ancient Vedic age. According to the varna system, each of four varna's castes must follow different occupations. On the other hand, caste is based on endogamy or the assumption that holdsmarriage takes place in own caste.

iv. Attributes of varna and caste

Dumont's caste system pointed to two features of varna. First, prestige, and the second, power. The meaning of prestige is associated with religion and power with ability. Brahmins' prestige is their religion and, Chhetri's and vaishyas' ability are their power. Ideology prevails in religion, and the rest of other falls under the category of ability. According to Dumont, the varna system is not hierarchical. Varna's system does not reflect stratification. All varnas are different, in which brahmins perform their predetermined occupation and vaishya are also involved in their separate works. There is no dependency between varnas. The caste system is different from that of varna. Dumont separates caste and varna, which has three characteristics as follows:

Hierarchy

Separation

Interdependence

v. Theory of hierarchy: Pure and impure

The theory of hierarchy is an essential theme of Dumont's caste thesis. It is also referred to as the theory of opposition to pure and impure. Before Dumont, the world-renowned French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1912) put sacred and profane ideas to define religion. According to Durkheim, things viewed from honor/respect are considered sacred. Such as God, earth, heaven, and tree. On the other hand, things viewed from utility/use are considered profane-for example, shoes, plows, and clothes. Based on the above ideas on sacred and profane, Dumont analyzes caste hierarchy in pure and impure (or purity and pollution). According to him, works, such as worship, priest, and teaching, are considered sacred. On the other hand, metal works, clothes sewing, and cleaning work are considered profane. Pure is always higher than impure, and impure is lower. It means impure must stay separate from pure.

vi. The accurate comparison is of ideology.

The fundamental unit in comparing either Western or Eastern, caste and an individual, and religion or school is an ideology. To analyzing Dumont's theory on the caste system, it is essential to understand the ideology behind that unit. Here, ideology means a system of values. Values may reflect oppositions and counterarguments. The caste system's hierarchy is also based on the ideology of pure and impure, which is described in classical Hindu texts.

From the above discussion and considerations, it may be concluded that Dumont's theory and theses on the caste system are partially relevant to analyze the nature of caste in Nepal because this theory was developed by Dumont around 50 years ago. During this period. Nepal's social, cultural, educational, economic, and other sectors are changed. Nowadays, the concept of pure and impure is diminished, and occupational barriers in terms of caste seem negligible. Dumont's work on Homo Hierarchicus has been widely acclaimed as the most critical contribution to studying the Hindu caste system. However, his theory has also been one of the most controversial pieces of work. He has been criticized on various grounds. Therefore, I argue that Dumont's theory on the caste system in Nepal's present changing and developing society does not seem relevant to analyzing the nature of caste.

Theories of Social Change and Development

Theories of Social Change and Development

There are many theories of social change and development, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common theories include:

Evolutionary theory: This theory argues that societies progress through a series of stages, from simple to complex. Each stage is characterized by a different level of technological development, social organization, and cultural values.

Functionalist theory:This theory  argues that societies are made up of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function. Social change occurs when one or more of these parts changes, and the other parts must adapt to the change in order for the society to continue functioning.

Conflict theory: This theory argues that societies are divided into groups with different interests, and that social change occurs as a result of conflict between these groups. Conflict can be caused by a variety of factors, such as economic inequality, political oppression, or cultural differences.

These are just a few of the many theories of social change and development. Each theory has its own strengths and weaknesses, and no single theory can fully explain the complex process of social change.

Here are some examples of social change:

The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid social change that began in the late 18th century. It was characterized by the development of new technologies, such as the steam engine, which led to the growth of factories and cities.

The Civil Rights Movement in the United States was a period of social change that began in the 1950s. It was a struggle for African Americans to achieve equal rights, such as the right to vote and the right to use public facilities.

The Women's Rights Movement is a social movement that has been ongoing for centuries. It is a struggle for women to achieve equal rights, such as the right to vote and the right to equal pay for equal work.

Social change can be both positive and negative. Positive social change can lead to improvements in people's lives, such as better health, education, and economic opportunities. Negative social change can lead to problems such as poverty, crime, and social unrest.

It is important to understand the different theories of social change in order to be able to effectively address the challenges and opportunities that social change presents.

Social change & its different theories?  

Social change is a complex phenomenon that has been studied by sociologists and other social scientists for centuries. There are many different theories of social change, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common theories of social change include:

Evolutionary theory: This theory argues that societies progress through a series of stages, from simple to complex. Each stage is characterized by a different level of technological development, social organization, and cultural values.

Functionalist theory: This theory argues that societies are made up of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function. Social change occurs when one or more of these parts changes, and the other parts must adapt to the change in order for the society to continue functioning.

Conflict theory: This theory argues that societies are divided into groups with different interests, and that social change occurs as a result of conflict between these groups. Conflict can be caused by a variety of factors, such as economic inequality, political oppression, or cultural differences.

These are just a few of the many theories of social change. Each theory has its own strengths and weaknesses, and no single theory can fully explain the complex process of social change.

Social change can be both positive and negative. Positive social change can lead to improvements in people's lives, such as better health, education, and economic opportunities. Negative social change can lead to problems such as poverty, crime, and social unrest.

It is important to understand the different theories of social change in order to be able to effectively address the challenges and opportunities that social change presents.

Evolutionary Theory

Evolutionary theory is one of the oldest and most influential theories of social change. It was first developed by the 19th century sociologist Herbert Spencer, who argued that societies progress through a series of stages, from simple to complex. Each stage is characterized by a different level of technological development, social organization, and cultural values.

Spencer's theory was based on the idea of natural selection, which is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Spencer argued that societies are also subject to natural selection, and that the societies that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and prosper.

Evolutionary theory has been criticized for being too simplistic and deterministic. It has also been criticized for being ethnocentric, as it assumes that Western societies are the most advanced societies.

Functionalist Theory

Functionalist theory is another important theory of social change. It was first developed by the 19th century sociologist Émile Durkheim, who argued that societies are made up of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function. Social change occurs when one or more of these parts changes, and the other parts must adapt to the change in order for the society to continue functioning.

Durkheim's theory was based on the idea of social cohesion, which is the degree to which the members of a society are united by shared values and beliefs. Durkheim argued that social change is most likely to occur when social cohesion is weak.

Functionalist theory has been criticized for being too static and for ignoring the role of conflict in social change.

Conflict Theory

Conflict theory is a third major theory of social change. It was first developed by the 19th century sociologist Karl Marx, who argued that societies are divided into groups with different interests, and that social change occurs as a result of conflict between these groups. Conflict can be caused by a variety of factors, such as economic inequality, political oppression, or cultural differences.

Marx's theory was based on the idea of class conflict, which is the conflict between the ruling class and the working class. Marx argued that the ruling class exploits the working class, and that this exploitation leads to conflict and social change.

Conflict theory has been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring the role of consensus in social change.

Conclusion

These are just a few of the many theories of social change. Each theory has its own strengths and weaknesses, and no single theory can fully explain the complex process of social change.

Social change is a dynamic and ever-changing process. It is important to understand the different theories of social change in order to be able to effectively address the challenges and opportunities that social change presents.

What do you mean by Social Change?  Critically review the different theories of it.

Social change is the transformation of social institutions and structures over time. It can be gradual or rapid, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including technological advancements, economic shifts, political upheaval, and cultural movements.

There are many different theories of social change, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common theories include:

Evolutionary theory: This theory argues that societies progress through a series of stages, from simple to complex. Each stage is characterized by a different level of technological development, social organization, and cultural values.

Functionalist theory: This theory argues that societies are made up of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function. Social change occurs when one or more of these parts changes, and the other parts must adapt to the change in order for the society to continue functioning.

Conflict theory: This theory argues that societies are divided into groups with different interests, and that social change occurs as a result of conflict between these groups. Conflict can be caused by a variety of factors, such as economic inequality, political oppression, or cultural differences.

Each of these theories has its own strengths and weaknesses. Evolutionary theory is useful for understanding long-term trends in social change, but it can be too simplistic to explain short-term changes. Functionalist theory is helpful for understanding how societies maintain stability, but it can be too static to explain how societies change. Conflict theory is useful for understanding how power relations shape social change, but it can be too deterministic to allow for the possibility of peaceful change.

No single theory of social change can fully explain the complex process of social change. However, by understanding the different theories, we can better understand the factors that contribute to social change and the ways in which social change can be brought about.

Here is a critical review of each of the three theories of social change:

Evolutionary theory

Evolutionary theory is one of the oldest and most influential theories of social change. It was first developed by the 19th century sociologist Herbert Spencer, who argued that societies progress through a series of stages, from simple to complex. Each stage is characterized by a different level of technological development, social organization, and cultural values.

Spencer's theory was based on the idea of natural selection, which is the process by which organisms that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Spencer argued that societies are also subject to natural selection, and that the societies that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and prosper.

Evolutionary theory has been criticized for being too simplistic and deterministic. It has also been criticized for being ethnocentric, as it assumes that Western societies are the most advanced societies.

Functionalist theory

Functionalist theory is another important theory of social change. It was first developed by the 19th century sociologist Émile Durkheim, who argued that societies are made up of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function. Social change occurs when one or more of these parts changes, and the other parts must adapt to the change in order for the society to continue functioning.

Durkheim's theory was based on the idea of social cohesion, which is the degree to which the members of a society are united by shared values and beliefs. Durkheim argued that social change is most likely to occur when social cohesion is weak.

Functionalist theory has been criticized for being too static and for ignoring the role of conflict in social change.

Conflict theory

Conflict theory is a third major theory of social change. It was first developed by the 19th century sociologist Karl Marx, who argued that societies are divided into groups with different interests, and that social change occurs as a result of conflict between these groups. Conflict can be caused by a variety of factors, such as economic inequality, political oppression, or cultural differences.

Marx's theory was based on the idea of class conflict, which is the conflict between the ruling class and the working class. Marx argued that the ruling class exploits the working class, and that this exploitation leads to conflict and social change.

Conflict theory has been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring the role of consensus in social change.

Despite these criticisms, each of these theories has something to offer our understanding of social change. By understanding the different theories, we can better understand the factors that contribute to social change and the ways in which social change can be brought about.

## A more detailed explanation of social change, including its concepts, features, different theories, and review:

Concepts or Definition of Social Change

Social change is the transformation of social institutions and structures over time. It can be gradual or rapid, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including technological advancements, economic shifts, political upheaval, and cultural movements.

Features

Some of the key features of social change include:

It is a continuous process. Social change is not a one-time event, but rather a process that is constantly happening.

It is often caused by a variety of factors. Social change can be caused by a single factor, such as a technological advancement, or it can be caused by a combination of factors.

It can have a variety of effects. Social change can have both positive and negative effects on society. For example, technological advancements can lead to economic growth and improved standards of living, but they can also lead to environmental damage and social inequality.

Different Theories of Social Change

There are many different theories of social change, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common theories include:

Evolutionary theory: This theory argues that societies progress through a series of stages, from simple to complex. Each stage is characterized by a different level of technological development, social organization, and cultural values.

Functionalist theory: This theory argues that societies are made up of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function. Social change occurs when one or more of these parts changes, and the other parts must adapt to the change in order for the society to continue functioning.

Conflict theory: This theory argues that societies are divided into groups with different interests, and that social change occurs as a result of conflict between these groups. Conflict can be caused by a variety of factors, such as economic inequality, political oppression, or cultural differences.

Review

No single theory of social change can fully explain the complex process of social change. However, by understanding the different theories, we can better understand the factors that contribute to social change and the ways in which social change can be brought about.

Conclusion

Social change is a complex and ever-changing process. It is important to understand the different theories of social change in order to be able to effectively address the challenges and opportunities that social change presents.

Here are some examples of social change:

The Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid social change that began in the late 18th century. It was characterized by the development of new technologies, such as the steam engine, which led to the growth of factories and cities.

The Civil Rights Movement in the United States was a period of social change that began in the 1950s. It was a struggle for African Americans to achieve equal rights, such as the right to vote and the right to use public facilities.

The Women's Rights Movement is a social movement that has been ongoing for centuries. It is a struggle for women to achieve equal rights, such as the right to vote and the right to equal pay for equal work.

Social change can be both positive and negative. Positive social change can lead to improvements in people's lives, such as better health, education, and economic opportunities. Negative social change can lead to problems such as poverty, crime, and social unrest.

It is important to understand the different theories of social change in order to be able to effectively address the challenges and opportunities that social change presents.

 Social change in 5000 words:

Introduction

Social change is the transformation of social institutions and structures over time. It can be gradual or rapid, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including technological advancements, economic shifts, political upheaval, and cultural movements.

Concepts of Social Change

There are many different concepts of social change. Some of the most common concepts include:

Social evolution: This concept argues that societies progress through a series of stages, from simple to complex. Each stage is characterized by a different level of technological development, social organization, and cultural values.

Social revolution: This concept argues that social change can occur rapidly and violently, as a result of a major conflict or upheaval.

Social reform: This concept argues that social change can occur gradually and peacefully, as a result of a series of small changes.

Features of Social Change

Social change has a number of features. Some of the most important features include:

Continuity: Social change is a continuous process. It is not a one-time event, but rather a process that is constantly happening.

Complexity: Social change is complex. It is caused by a variety of factors, and it can have a variety of effects.

Unpredictability: Social change is unpredictable. It is difficult to predict when or how social change will occur.

Theories of Social Change

There are many different theories of social change. Some of the most common theories include:

Evolutionary theory: This theory argues that societies progress through a series of stages, from simple to complex. Each stage is characterized by a different level of technological development, social organization, and cultural values.

Functionalist theory: This theory argues that societies are made up of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function. Social change occurs when one or more of the parts changes, and the other parts must adapt to the change in order for the society to continue functioning.

Conflict theory: This theory argues that societies are divided into groups with different interests, and that social change occurs as a result of conflict between these groups. Conflict can be caused by a variety of factors, such as economic inequality, political oppression, or cultural differences.

Review of Theories of Social Change

No single theory of social change can fully explain the complex process of social change. However, by understanding the different theories, we can better understand the factors that contribute to social change and the ways in which social change can be brought about.

Conclusion

Social change is a complex and ever-changing process. It is important to understand the different theories of social change in order to be able to effectively address the challenges and opportunities that social change presents.

Examples of Social Change

There are many examples of social change. Some of the most important examples include:

The Industrial Revolution: This was a period of rapid social change that began in the late 18th century. It was characterized by the development of new technologies, such as the steam engine, which led to the growth of factories and cities.

The Civil Rights Movement: This was a period of social change that began in the 1950s. It was a struggle for African Americans to achieve equal rights, such as the right to vote and the right to use public facilities.

The Women's Rights Movement: This is a social movement that has been ongoing for centuries. It is a struggle for women to achieve equal rights, such as the right to vote and the right to equal pay for equal work.

Effects of Social Change

Social change can have both positive and negative effects. Some of the positive effects of social change include:

Improved standards of living: Social change can lead to improved standards of living, as new technologies and ideas are developed.

Increased equality: Social change can lead to increased equality, as people from different groups are given more opportunities.

A more just society: Social change can lead to a more just society, as people are treated more fairly and equally.

Some of the negative effects of social change include:

Social unrest: Social change can lead to social unrest, as people struggle to adapt to new changes.

Economic inequality: Social change can lead to economic inequality, as some people benefit more from change than others.

Environmental damage: Social change can lead to environmental damage, as new technologies and practices are developed.

Conclusion

Social change is a complex and ever-changing process. It can have both positive and negative effects. It is important to understand the different theories of social change in order to be able to effectively address the challenges and opportunities that social change presents.

What is the central thesis of Dumont’s theory of caste? Does this theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali Society? How?

What is the central thesis of Dumont’s theory of caste? Does this theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali Society? How?  

The central thesis of Louis Dumont’s theory of caste is that the Hindu caste system is based on the principle of hierarchy, with Brahmans at the top and untouchables at the bottom. Dumont argues that this hierarchy is not based on economic or political power, but on religious purity and pollution. He further argues that the caste system is a holistic system, in which all aspects of life, including work, marriage, and religion, are interconnected.

Dumont’s theory has been influential in the study of caste, but it has also been criticized. Some critics argue that Dumont overemphasizes the importance of hierarchy and ignores other aspects of caste, such as economic and political power. Others argue that Dumont’s theory is Eurocentric and does not take into account the unique cultural context of India.

Despite these criticisms, Dumont’s theory remains an important contribution to the study of caste. It provides a framework for understanding the complex dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations. It also challenges us to think about caste in a new way, as a holistic system that is embedded in Hindu culture.

Does Dumont’s theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali society?

To some extent, yes. The caste system is still a powerful force in Nepali society, and Dumont’s theory can help us to understand how it works. For example, Dumont’s theory would help us to understand why there is still a great deal of discrimination against Dalits, the lowest caste group in Nepal. It would also help us to understand why inter-caste marriages are still rare.

However, Dumont’s theory does not capture the full complexity of caste relations in Nepal. For example, the caste system is not static, and it has been changing in recent years. There is a growing movement for Dalit empowerment, and there is increasing awareness of the problems caused by caste discrimination. In addition, the caste system is not the only factor that shapes social relations in Nepal. Other factors, such as class, gender, and ethnicity, also play a role.

Overall, Dumont’s theory is a useful tool for understanding caste relations in Nepal. However, it is important to remember that it is just one tool, and it should not be used in isolation. We need to use other tools, such as historical analysis and ethnographic research, to get a full picture of caste relations in Nepal.

Here are some specific examples of how Dumont’s theory can be used to understand caste relations in Nepal:

The persistence of caste discrimination. Despite the fact that Nepal has a secular constitution and laws that prohibit caste discrimination, Dalits continue to face discrimination in many areas of life, including education, employment, and housing. Dumont’s theory would help us to understand why this is the case. He would argue that the caste system is a deeply ingrained part of Hindu culture, and that it is difficult to change.

The rise of Dalit empowerment. In recent years, there has been a growing movement for Dalit empowerment. This movement has led to the formation of Dalit political parties and organizations, and it has also led to increased awareness of the problems caused by caste discrimination. Dumont’s theory would help us to understand why this movement has emerged. He would argue that it is a sign of the changing nature of the caste system, and that it is a challenge to the traditional Hindu hierarchy.

The intersection of caste with other social factors. Caste is not the only factor that shapes social relations in Nepal. Other factors, such as class, gender, and ethnicity, also play a role. Dumont’s theory would help us to understand how these factors intersect with caste. For example, he would argue that Dalit women face a double burden of discrimination, because they are both Dalit and women.

In conclusion, Dumont’s theory is a useful tool for understanding caste relations in Nepal. However, it is important to remember that it is just one tool, and it should not be used in isolation. We need to use other tools, such as historical analysis and ethnographic research, to get a full picture of caste relations in Nepal.

Who was Louis Dumont. List out Louis Dumont's  The major themes of Domont's theory of caste and explain it. 

Louis Dumont (1911-1998) was a French sociologist who is best known for his work on caste in India. His book, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications, is considered to be a classic in the field of social anthropology.

Dumont argued that the caste system is a system of hierarchy, with Brahmans at the top and untouchables at the bottom. He argued that this hierarchy is not based on economic or political power, but on religious purity and pollution. He further argued that the caste system is a holistic system, in which all aspects of life, including work, marriage, and religion, are interconnected.

Dumont's theory of caste has been influential in the study of caste, but it has also been criticized. Some critics argue that Dumont overemphasizes the importance of hierarchy and ignores other aspects of caste, such as economic and political power. Others argue that Dumont's theory is Eurocentric and does not take into account the unique cultural context of India.

Despite these criticisms, Dumont's theory remains an important contribution to the study of caste. It provides a framework for understanding the complex dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations. It also challenges us to think about caste in a new way, as a holistic system that is embedded in Hindu culture.

Here are the major themes of Dumont's theory of caste:

Hierarchy: Dumont argued that the caste system is a system of hierarchy, with Brahmans at the top and untouchables at the bottom. He argued that this hierarchy is not based on economic or political power, but on religious purity and pollution.

Holistic system: Dumont argued that the caste system is a holistic system, in which all aspects of life, including work, marriage, and religion, are interconnected.

The pure and the impure: Dumont argued that the caste system is based on the distinction between the pure and the impure. Brahmans are considered to be the purest caste, while untouchables are considered to be the most impure.

The individual and the group: Dumont argued that the caste system is based on the principle of the individual being subsumed into the group. He argued that this is in contrast to Western individualism, which emphasizes the importance of the individual.

The sacred and the secular: Dumont argued that the caste system is based on the distinction between the sacred and the secular. He argued that the caste system is a religious system, and that it should not be analyzed in terms of secular categories, such as economics or politics.

Dumont's theory of caste has been influential in the study of caste, but it has also been criticized. Some critics argue that Dumont overemphasizes the importance of hierarchy and ignores other aspects of caste, such as economic and political power. Others argue that Dumont's theory is Eurocentric and does not take into account the unique cultural context of India.

Despite these criticisms, Dumont's theory remains an important contribution to the study of caste. It provides a framework for understanding the complex dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations. It also challenges us to think about caste in a new way, as a holistic system that is embedded in Hindu culture.

Does this theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali Society?  In your opinion, is Dumont's theory relevant to analyze the nature of caste in Nepal?

Dumont's theory of caste can be used to understand the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali society, but it is important to remember that it is just one tool, and it should not be used in isolation. We need to use other tools, such as historical analysis and ethnographic research, to get a full picture of caste relations in Nepal.

Here are some specific examples of how Dumont's theory can be used to understand caste relations in Nepal:

The persistence of caste discrimination. Despite the fact that Nepal has a secular constitution and laws that prohibit caste discrimination, Dalits continue to face discrimination in many areas of life, including education, employment, and housing. Dumont's theory would help us to understand why this is the case. He would argue that the caste system is a deeply ingrained part of Hindu culture, and that it is difficult to change.

The rise of Dalit empowerment. In recent years, there has been a growing movement for Dalit empowerment. This movement has led to the formation of Dalit political parties and organizations, and it has also led to increased awareness of the problems caused by caste discrimination. Dumont's theory would help us to understand why this movement has emerged. He would argue that it is a sign of the changing nature of the caste system, and that it is a challenge to the traditional Hindu hierarchy.

The intersection of caste with other social factors. Caste is not the only factor that shapes social relations in Nepal. Other factors, such as class, gender, and ethnicity, also play a role. Dumont's theory would help us to understand how these factors intersect with caste. For example, he would argue that Dalit women face a double burden of discrimination, because they are both Dalit and women.

In conclusion, Dumont's theory is a useful tool for understanding caste relations in Nepal. However, it is important to remember that it is just one tool, and it should not be used in isolation. We need to use other tools, such as historical analysis and ethnographic research, to get a full picture of caste relations in Nepal.

As for whether or not Dumont's theory is relevant to analyze the nature of caste in Nepal, I believe that it is. However, it is important to remember that Nepal is a unique country with its own history and culture. As such, it is important to be aware of the limitations of Dumont's theory and to use it in conjunction with other theories and perspectives.

Here are some other theories and perspectives that can be used to understand caste in Nepal:

Marxism: Marxism argues that caste is a form of class oppression. This theory can be used to understand the economic and political dimensions of caste.

Feminism: Feminism argues that caste is a form of gender oppression. This theory can be used to understand the ways in which caste intersects with gender.

Postcolonialism: Postcolonialism argues that caste is a form of colonial oppression. This theory can be used to understand the ways in which caste was shaped by colonialism.

By using a variety of theories and perspectives, we can get a more nuanced understanding of caste in Nepal. This understanding can help us to develop more effective strategies for challenging caste discrimination and promoting social justice.

What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal?

 Q. What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal? 

The Muluki Ain was a legal code introduced during Jung Bahadur Rana's reign in Nepal. It laid down various provisions related to social hierarchy, including the caste system.

The caste system mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. The system was discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality, with individuals being restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste.

It is important to note that the Muluki Ain was eventually replaced by the new Civil Code in Nepal in 2017, which removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that has existed in Nepali society for centuries. The 1854 Muluki Ain was a legal code that further entrenched and codified the caste system in Nepal.

The Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The caste system in Nepal was highly discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality. Individuals were restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste. For example, members of the lower castes were often denied education, and their employment opportunities were limited to menial jobs such as cleaning and farming. In contrast, members of the higher castes were able to access education and had access to a wider range of employment opportunities.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, it still persists in many parts of the country, and discrimination based on caste is still prevalent. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

In conclusion, the caste system in Nepal mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain was a discriminatory system of social stratification that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of Nepal. However, progress has been made in recent years, and the new Civil Code in Nepal ensures equal rights for all citizens, regardless of their caste.

Q. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. 

The caste system in Nepal, as codified in the Muluki Ain of 1854, was a hierarchical system of social stratification that divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Brahmins were at the top of the caste hierarchy and were considered the purest and most learned of all castes. They were responsible for religious rituals, such as conducting pujas and performing other religious ceremonies. The Kshatriyas were the second-highest caste and were traditionally warriors and rulers. They were responsible for defending the country and maintaining law and order.

The Vaishyas were the third-highest caste and were traditionally traders and merchants. They were responsible for economic activities and commerce. The Shudras were at the bottom of the caste hierarchy and were traditionally laborers and servants. They were responsible for menial jobs such as farming, cleaning, and other low-skilled work.

Within each caste, there were sub-castes, which further divided society based on specific occupations or professions. For example, within the Brahmin caste, there were sub-castes such as the Bahun, Chhetri, and Thakuri. Similarly, within the Shudra caste, there were sub-castes such as the Kami, Damai, and Sarki.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of the country. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

Q. Marry Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make an argument?

Marry Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal. In her research, she argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas.

Cameron's argument is based on the observation that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to Dalitscation and other opportunities. However, in rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs. She argues that the focus on urban areas has led to a neglect of the needs and experiences of rural Dalits.

Furthermore, Cameron argues that there is a need for a more nuanced approach to Dalit identity politics that takes into account the diversity of experiences and challenges faced by Dalits across different regions of Nepal. She suggests that a more inclusive approach to Dalit politics, which includes the voices and perspectives of rural Dalits, is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

In conclusion, Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. She suggests that a more inclusive approach that takes into account the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

Summary:

1. What is the caste system in Nepal? 

   - The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that divides Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

   - Within each caste, there are sub-castes that further divide society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The caste system is based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

2. What is the Muluki Ain of 1854 in Nepal? 

    

    - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The Muluki Ain was a legal code that laid down various provisions related to caste and social hierarchy in Nepal.

   - It divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

3. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste.

   - The system divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

4. Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make this argument? -

   - Mary Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal.

   - She argues that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to education and other opportunities.

   - In rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

   - Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs.

What shampoo is good for hair?

What shampoo is good for hair?

Although shampoo is used by everyone, many people do not care about the best shampoo for their hair. There are many types of shampoos available in the market. Shampoo companies often advertise models with beautiful hair to sell their products.

But in reality it is not as shown in the advertisement. If you follow the advertisement and use shampoo randomly, it will damage your hair. Shampoo should be used only keeping in mind the nature and temperament of the hair.

Shampoos are usually normal, dry, oily, color resistant and keratin softening. Normally, normal shampoo is used. If it is very dry, dry hair shampoo should be used.

Dry shampoo contains emollients and conditioning agents or moisturizers. It is better to use anti-residue shampoo because of smooth hair type. It helps in removing greasiness from the hair. Anti-dandruff shampoo should be used if there is dandruff in the hair. Color lover shampoo is good for colored hair to help the color last.

Similarly, if there is dandruff in the hair or there is an infection in the scalp, it is best to use a medicated shampoo. Similarly, keratin sulfate free is considered suitable for this.

All these shampoos can be used keeping in mind the texture of the hair. It makes the hair soft, healthy and beautiful. Shampoo can be purchased in the fragrance you like.

Shampoo available in the market

Sunslick, Dove, Livav, Argan, Palet, Pantin, Himalayan, Lolier, Mamaartha, Tresme, Hair and Shoulder, Selson shampoos are very popular. In all of these, Oily, Normal, Dry, Hair Fall Control, Color Love Shampoo, Cellson, Anti-Dandruff, Keratin Hair Mask types are available. Apart from this, keratin shampoos are also available.

Why is shampoo better than soap?

Shampoo is hair friendly but not soapy. Soap contains more harmful chemicals than beneficial ingredients needed by the hair. Similarly, when taking a bath with soap, you have to rub your hair for a long time, due to which the roots of the hair become weak, and the hair may become dry and have problems. But the shampoo is made according to the type, nature and condition of the hair.

Different types of ingredients are mixed in the shampoo. Generally, color, water, fragrance, chemicals, moisturizing agent, serum, conditioning agent, glycerin etc. are mixed. In addition, the agent (moisturizer) that makes the shampoo attractive is also used. Apart from this, lemon, cherry, honey, rose, cucumber, ghee and other hair beneficial plants are mixed in it. Which makes the hair shiny and attractive.

How to use shampoo?

Shampoo can be used every time you take a shower. But if you are in the habit of bathing every day, you can wash your hair with shampoo on the first day and conditioner on the second day and then use shampoo on the lower part of your hair. This reduces the effect of shampoo chemicals on the skin. Similarly, there is no need to keep using shampoo on the hair.

Mix shampoo and water in a bowl as needed before bathing. Only then should you use shampoo. Because when used in this way, the shampoo is not limited to one place but spreads all over the hair. Fizz also comes well. Similarly, the effect of chemicals used in shampoo is also reduced.

In such cases, shampoo should not be used

Do not use if there is any infection on the head, headache or allergy due to the shampoo itself. In such cases, shampoo should be used only after consulting a doctor. Also, do not use expired shampoo.

How can patients travel by plane?

How can patients travel by plane?

Firstly, airlines generally do not allow sick passengers to board the aircraft. Because the risks are different according to the nature of different diseases. In such a situation, if something suddenly happens to the patient, other than first aid (primary treatment) and oxygen supplement, other hospital facilities are not available on the ship. Therefore, all sick passengers must obtain a 'fit to fly' certificate from the relevant doctor before their flight.

But saying this does not mean that patients should not travel by ship. If depending on the severity of the patient, non-medical and medical service personnel can go with him. Similarly, according to the patient's condition and illness, the medical staff may include nurses, paramedics or doctors.

Are there any special services on the plane for patients?

In-flight medical facilities depend on the size and duration of the flight as well as whether the flight is domestic or international.

If used for short-haul domestic flights, medical facilities are limited to first-aid boxes for small-sized aircraft with a carrying capacity of 20-50 passengers. It contains basic items like bandages, antiseptics, antacids, anti-empties, pain killers etc.

A variety of oral and liquid medications are kept on large planes used for international flights. In addition, such aircraft may have oxygen supplements and portable defibrillators. Such a defibrillator is called AED ie automatic external defibrillator.

A defibrillator is a device that produces an electrical charge or current in the heart to restore (bring) the heartbeat back to normal. A defibrillator is used when the heart stops beating due to cardiac arrest.

How is it taken care of if someone suddenly gets sick on the plane?

It is not the same for everyone, it depends on the disease or complications of the patient. For example, travelers may have panic attacks, which are often seen in Nepali workers returning from the Gulf countries and Malaysia. In such a case, besides reassuring the patient, water, oxygen and tranquilizers are also given.

Another passenger may have breathing problems due to asthma. In such a case, nasal oxygen (supplement oxygen) and bronchodilator inhaler can be provided according to the patient's oxygen level measurement with the oximeter.

In another example, appropriate medication is provided to passengers in case of persistent vomiting or dizziness. In case of acute heart attack, brain hemorrhage or clots, the nearest airport should be taken to the hospital. In conclusion, an attempt is made to handle the health condition of the passengers according to the available resources and staff's ability in the aircraft. If it is not possible, it will be taken to the nearest airport as soon as possible.

What to do if a passenger faints on the plane?

There are many reasons for fainting. If the passenger is unconscious due to panic attack or flight phobia (fear of flying), it is sufficient to monitor pulse rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure as well as reassure the patient.

Another cause of fainting can be due to high or low blood sugar levels. In that case, blood sugar level can be measured with the help of glucometer. If the patient's blood sugar level is high, supplementary medicine can be given to control the sugar level and if the level is too low, he can be given enough glucose food.

Other causes of fainting can be fasting or drinking too much alcohol. Excessive hyperventilation (extremely nervous and rapid breathing) due to the fear of air travel can also lead to fainting.

In case of unconsciousness, it can be controlled in the following order:

1. It should be kept in an open place without overcrowding.

2. Both legs should be lifted.

3. Blood pressure, pulse rate and oxygen level should be monitored. If there is a cardiac (heart) or cerebrovascular accident, the nearest airport should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

Dr. Ranjit Baral

Can a pregnant woman travel on a ship?

There are pregnancy policy tables for air travel. From the said table, it is clear how cases of pregnancy are considered eligible or ineligible for flying.

Up to the 28th week of pregnancy and pregnant women who are in normal condition can easily fly without any restrictions. A person who is after the 28th week of pregnancy is required to obtain a medical certificate of 'fit to fly' from an obstetrician and gynecologist and an airline doctor to board a flight.

Likewise, late pregnancy (after the 35th week of pregnancy) and advanced pregnancy ie 'malposition' (a situation where the baby's head is in the wrong direction in the mother's womb) or 'twin' pregnancy are not allowed.

Are emergency patients carried on board or not?

Even in an emergency, it depends on what kind of situation it is. In case of unplanned cases like accidents, helicopters or small planes are used to rescue sick or injured people. Similarly planned case According to the situation, para-medics and nurses and non-medical staff can be deployed in mild cases. In such cases, medicines (especially given by injection) are given by the staff and the patient is monitored from time to time.

Doctors are deployed in extremely serious situations in anticipation of unpleasant events. For example, on long-haul flights, passengers with long-term asthma may have breathing problems, where steroids and bronchodilators must be given by injection.

What should be done if they have to travel by air?

Commercial airlines are not considered suitable for patients with very serious health conditions. In such cases, air ambulances are used, which are very expensive. But it has nurses and doctors as well as all the facilities of a 'mini-hospital'.

Eight things that teenagers are searching for on Google

Eight things that teenagers are searching for on Google

Today's teenagers do not have to keep things hidden in their hearts. They can easily pour out what is stuck in their heart through some medium. Especially social media or Google is their reliable medium.

There are some things that are uncomfortable to ask others. Many people are looking for answers to such questions on Google. Thus, teenagers are ahead in searching for any answer from Google. Whether it is about their career or interest or about fashion trends, about sex or food, they are searching on Google. After all, teenagers are searching for the most things on Google?

1. A matter of health

At a glance, it seems that they are only searching for entertainment content on Google. However, most of today's teenagers are curious about their health. Especially they are mostly asking about depression, anxiety, fitness.

They are also searching for things like what to eat, how to control obesity on Google. Some people are learning exercise methods from Google.

2. Window shopping

Window shopping is the buzz word now. It indicates online shopping. Window shopping means looking at the details of the necessary equipment from Google without physically being present in any store.

Today's teenagers are getting information about the design and price of clothes, mobiles, laptops, watches, shoes, books, glasses, etc. from Google. According to a study, most of the teenagers find it easy to buy goods online.

3. Relationships and dating

Of course, when you reach the teenage stage, you become more curious about love and sex. They cannot do this openly with their parents or friends. That is why they have lost such questions in themselves.

From how to make a relationship with a boy or a girl, how to love, how to go on a date, they are searching for many questions related to sex on Google.

Google becomes a safe and secret medium for them to satisfy their curiosity.

4. Technology and Gamed

Teenagers are interested in new gadgets. What kind of equipment entered the world market? They are updated as often as possible. Be it mobile or anything else, they are very interested in it. They are also very interested in gaming and gaming devices.

They are looking for new tools on Google. They are asking about the features and price of a new mobile or any device. In the same way, some people have searched on Google about the way of gaming.

5. Educational support

Today's teenagers search for their education or career on Google. They also take the help of Google while doing assignments or preparing for exams.

Now many sources of educational materials can be found on the internet. They also search for things on Google that are not in some textbooks.

Also, they take help of Google to learn how to manage time, what should be the study process, how to make notes.

6. entertainment

Today's teenagers also get some information about entertainment from Google. They are getting information about movies, music, artists, events from Google.

Many people are also searching on Google about the famous Korean music band BTS, Black Pink. Similarly, they are very interested in searching for information on Google about the upcoming movies.

7. Searching for a career

This is the stage in adolescence itself, when they start to be interested in career as well as studies. What to do in the future, what to become, how to get a happy and happy life makes them more interested in their career.

That's why they are getting information about the career according to their interest on Google. At the same time, they are also looking for employment opportunities. They are more interested in where and what to do. They are also searching for opportunities on Google about jobs that can be done online.

8. News and Events

What is happening to teenagers in the world? What subject is being debated? There is also an interest in who is reacting to what. They are looking for information about the political and social things happening in the world through Google. Similarly, they are being updated on topics like technology and entertainment.