Showing posts with label Do. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Do. Show all posts

Why do cholesterol patients increase in hospital after Dashain?

Why do cholesterol patients increase in hospital after Dashain?


We understand Dashain as a festival of eating and drinking. That is why Manlagdi is eaten at this time. Fish, meat and alcohol are mandatory during Dashain.


Even those who don't drink at other times drink because it's a festival. Drunkenness was a better excuse. They sit and drink from morning till midnight.






On top of that, Sitan was also wanted. Grilled, fried, spicy, bitter, sour meat. Dalmot, chips. What is the habit of most of them is to take vinegar after drinking alcohol.


Such foods may not have an immediate effect. However, with the onset of winter, the number of patients in the hospital begins to increase. Most of them have cholesterol problems. After all, why did they have bad cholesterol? The uncontrolled eating of the same Dashain is one of the reasons behind this.





What happens when cholesterol increases? Why does it increase? Let's understand it in common language.


Cholesterol is a layer of fat in our body. Cholesterol is necessary for proper blood flow in the blood vessels and the structure of the body's cells. However, if the amount of cholesterol in the blood is more than required, it accumulates in the blood vessels, liver and heart.


Blood collects in the blood vessels and narrows the blood vessels. This is why the blood flow is not good. What this does is increase the risk of stroke, heart attack and heart disease.


This problem is mostly seen in people with heart problems and high blood pressure. However, it does not mean that it is not seen in others.


Cholesterol is such a problem, the early signs of which do not match anything. It suddenly causes problems. Its general symptoms can be seen in anyone. Like white spots appearing around the eyes, black spots appearing on the back of the neck. However, in most cases, this problem is not detected without testing.


When the problem increases, it becomes difficult to handle it. Therefore, it is advisable to find preventive measures before such a problem occurs.


What to do now?


Be alert and take necessary precautions before problems occur. For this, some conditions must be followed.


- Reduce the consumption of red meat. Instead of red meat, white meat and fish can be consumed.


- Do not eat too much ghee, butter, cheese and animal fats.


- Cholesterol contains triglycerides. As carbohydrates increase the amount of triglycerides, eat such foods as little as possible.


- Sugary foods are high in carbohydrates, so eat as little as possible.


- In case of heart disease and high cholesterol level, take related medicine regularly.


- Consuming more fruits and green vegetables than meat.


- Eating less fat and skinned meat.


- Full sleep.


- Don't drink alcohol. Even if you do, consume very little.


Consuming high amounts of fibrous and fiber-rich foods.


Along with diet, you should also pay attention to exercise. At least five days a week you should walk briskly for 30 to 45 minutes.


A medical emergency situation


Eating alcohol and meat indiscriminately increases cholesterol. Apart from that, there are also many people who come to the hospital with a bone stuck in their neck. People are not alert and alert when they are drunk. At that time, when they eat bones with meat, there are many cases of them getting stuck in the throat. This is a medical emergency. In such a situation, if not treated immediately, it can lead to death.


Likewise, people with heart problems, high blood pressure, and those taking blood thinners can also be at risk from uncontrolled eating.

 

Women's Health: Why do panties get dirty quickly?

 Women's Health: Why do panties get dirty quickly?


Although it sounds normal, the question that is lost in the mind of common women is, why panties get dirty and dirty quickly? This is also an important question related to women's reproductive health. Often women's panties may be stained and wrinkled. There is no single reason for this.



Generally, if you don't change your panty for a long time or if you don't clean it properly after urinating, it will quickly get dirty and dirty. Apart from that, the menstrual cycle is another main reason. Vaginal discharge (vaginal discharge) before or after menstruation makes the panty dirty. It has four different phases, menstrual, follicular, ovulation and luteal.


In these four stages there are different types of vaginal discharge of different colors. It is a white and thick liquid. Apart from that, there is a kind of acidic fluid in the genitals, which is called pH acid.


This causes the panty to get wet, stiff, and then dry and the panty becomes wrinkled. That's why panty will be dirty.


What is acid pH?


Generally, the pH acid level in the genitals should be less than or equal to 4.5. But before and after menstruation, the pH level may decrease. At this time, bad bacteria can grow and cause an infection.


If the pH is high in the genitals, the risk of bacterial growth is high. In such cases, abnormal brown, white or yellow vaginal discharge occurs. It smells like fish. In this way, there is excessive itching during vaginal discharge and burning during urination.


Vaginal discharge is normal?


Vaginal discharge is a normal and natural condition. It protects the genitals from external infections. Therefore, this acidic substance should not be cleaned too much.


Most women or teenagers have a little vaginal discharge on a daily basis. But its amount is more during egg making. It is white in color. If there is excessive vaginal discharge, it should be cleaned only. If you have a lot of vaginal discharge daily, you should see a doctor.


To keep the genitals dry?


It is summer now. At this time, sweat and vaginal discharge can cause fungal infection. Therefore, it is better to keep the outer part of the genitals dry, but the inner part of the genitals should be moist.


How to clean the genitals?


The vagina should not be cleaned frequently. Can be cleaned once or twice a day. But for cleaning, soapy water should not be cleaned daily. It happens once a week when cleaning with soapy water. At other times, only water should be used to clean it.


After urinating, tissue paper or a clean soft cloth can be used to dry the genitals.


What panty is suitable?


Cotton panty is comparatively useful. Wearing nylon or silk panties does not absorb fluids, which increases the risk of infection.


Why do people get old?

 Why do people get old?


Aging is a natural life process. But people hardly like to grow old. As people grow older, changes begin to occur in every activity. The eyes begin to weaken, the joints begin to weaken and the skin begins to thin.



A person has to go through various conditions to grow old. Man reaches old age through childhood, youth, adulthood.


There are various reasons why people get old, one of the main reasons is changes in DNA. DNA is a type of genetic code that is transmitted between cells. With increasing age, the transmission of these genetic codes begins to be disturbed and gradually begins to accumulate in the cells. This process is called genetic instability and when the DNA affects the stem cells, aging begins to appear, said geneticist Dr. Neelam Thakur says.


Other causes of aging


Chromosomal aberrations


At the end of each DNA strand is a cap-like structure that protects the chromosomes. These are called telomeres. As we age, this cap-like structure begins to fall away and the protection of the chromosomes begins to loosen, Dr. Thakur says.


When there is a disturbance in the structure of telomeres, the risk of many diseases increases. This increases the risk of lung problems and anemia. Both of these are serious problems related to immunity, she says.




Changes in funding


There is a special process in our body called DNA expression. In which thousands of genes in the same cell decide what to do. But time and lifestyle can change these instructions. In this situation, the cells also start to behave differently from their normal behavior and due to which the symptoms of old age begin to appear. Thakur says.


Decreased ability to renew cells


The body has the ability to renew itself to prevent the accumulation of damaged components in our cells. But this ability gradually decreases with age. Thakur says.


In this case, the cells begin to accumulate useless or toxic proteins, which can sometimes lead to Alzheimer's disease. Sometimes due to this, the risk of Parkinson's and cataracts also increases,” she says.


Mitochondria stop working


Mitochondria provide energy to the body. But with time they start losing their ability. Thakur says that their weakness also has a negative effect on DNA and leads to old age.


These are the main principles of aging. But apart from that, there are various reasons why people reach old age, which are still being studied, Dr. Thakur says.


In a study published in the science journal Nature, it has been claimed that scientists were able to remove wrinkles in mice by restoring mitochondria.


Signs of aging


Slow movement, weak brain capacity, wrinkled skin etc. are the symptoms of old age. But due to wrong diet and lifestyle, some people are showing signs of old age before reaching their age.


Why do people get old before their age?


Dr. Vikas Poudel, Dermatology and Venereologist


Senescence is a natural process as you grow older. But some people look old before their age. Premature aging is considered to be due to human genetics, diet and environment.




Heredity: Heredity plays an important role in various processes related to our age. Some people are prone to premature aging due to genetics.


Bad diet: Due to the lack of a balanced diet, if the right nutritional elements cannot be taken, the cells of the body begin to decay prematurely, which accelerates the aging process.


Processed food: eating a lot of processed food and fast food has a lot of negative effects on the body. As it contains more trans fat, sugar and unhealthy oil, it damages the cells of the body.


Excessive intake of salt: Excessive consumption of salt can cause water retention in the body, which leads to high blood pressure and other health problems. There is rapid decay in the cells, which causes premature aging.


Excess intake of sugar: Sugar weakens proteins like collagen and elastin, which creates problems in skin reconstruction.


Deficiency of nutrients: Due to lack of proper amount of vitamins and minerals (such as zinc, selenium), the cells of the body become weak.


Lack of protein: Protein helps in rebuilding body cells. If there is a lack of protein in the daily diet, then aging comes faster.


Stress and mental health: Stress, anxiety and depression can make people look older than they are. Staying under stress for a long time is harmful to health, which increases physical and mental problems.


Smoking and other drugs: Smoking has a number of negative effects on the body, including lung problems and rapid cell degeneration. It can make people look old before they reach their age.


Lack of sleep: If you don't get enough sleep, the body's rebuilding process is interrupted, which increases stress and weakens the body. Adequate sleep refreshes the body and slows down the aging process.


Bad lifestyle: Unhealthy lifestyle also causes premature aging. Poor diet, lack of physical activity and unhealthy habits weaken the body and accelerates the aging process.


In this way, premature aging is the result of various reasons. To reduce it, it is very important to eat right, have a healthy lifestyle, get enough sleep and be stress-free.


Some interesting facts about aging


Height decreases with age. The space between the bones of the spine is a gap, which is called the vertebrae, with increasing age, the gap between the bones decreases and the distance between the bones decreases. As a result, the height seems to be reduced by an inch or two.


According to the United Nations, Japan is the country with the largest elderly population in the world. Japan is number one in the list of countries with the highest proportion of population aged 65 and above in the total population of the country.


How do pain killers relieve pain immediately?

 How do pain killers relieve pain immediately?


Pain killer. The name is enough. Its job is to remove pain. Whether it is due to injuries or other diseases, if there is any kind of pain in the body, we take 'pain killer' to relieve it.


Commonly understood pain killers are called 'non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs'. It is used for temporary relief from various pains.



Pain killers mainly contain three ingredients, which reduce swelling, reduce pain and reduce fever. Some examples of pain killers are Cetamol, Flexon, Brufin and Nims.


There is also an experience of pain relief with pain killer food. What is in the pain killer, which reduces the pain in a short time? Does it have any side effects or not?


Why does it hurt us?


Why does our body hurt when we are injured or sick?


When we are injured, the body begins to supply more blood to the injured area. This blood also contains white blood cells, which are involved in wound healing. Along with these white blood cells, many important chemicals also reach the injured area. The main chemical among them is prostaglandin. This chemical causes pain and irritation.


How do pain killers reduce pain?


If the chemical called prostaglandin is not allowed to be produced, we do not feel pain. Pain killers do the same thing. That is, pain killers such as paracetamol or Flexon do not allow this chemical to be produced in the body. When painkillers are ingested, they slowly enter the bloodstream and reach the injured area and brain. In both places it inhibits the production of prostaglandin chemicals to reduce pain, so that the brain signals to us that there is no pain.


In what situation should you take pain killers?


When we feel hurt, signals from our body go directly to the brain, resulting in the message that we are in pain. Because we feel that pain, we start looking for its solution. That is, we start to understand why it hurts, how to heal it.


It simply means that pain is a sign. It means that there is something wrong in the body.


Some people don't take pain killers in case of pain. They think, 'Tolerating pain is good, taking pain killers is bad.' But enduring pain causes more physical and mental pain. If there is swelling due to repeated injuries, it is appropriate to take pain killers to reduce the swelling problem. If the pain is severe, you should take medicine to reduce it. Pain killers can also be taken to reduce fever.


Every drug has both advantages and disadvantages. In this case, pain killers also have advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, pain killers should only be taken on the advice of a specialist who knows which pain killer is more beneficial for what kind of pain.


Body muscle pain, nerve pain or pain due to an injury. First you need to understand what kind of pain it is. No single pain killer works for all types of pain. There are different types of pain killers made for every type of pain. Therefore, it is important to be aware of which pain killer to take for which pain and which pain to not take.


Also a pain killer for chronic pain


Depending on the type of pain, duration, potential benefits and risks of the drug, the pain reliever should be chosen. Most pain killers are effective for pain. Such pain killers are less effective for sprained ankles, pinched nerves or pain caused by various diseases.


The patient is treated with 'platelet rich plasma' vaccine for joint pain. Platelet-rich plasma can be produced from a person's own blood. In particular, it is a type of blood cell (platelet). Platelet-rich plasma is a 'growth factor' that helps to regenerate when injured, thus helping to heal the injured area. It also helps to heal damaged ligaments, muscles, bones and joints.


If back pain is due to pinched nerve, then treatment should be sought according to the cause. In such a case, which one should be given 'steroid pain killer' or 'local anesthesia' to reduce the pain, or surgery to open the ruptured vein and then physiotherapy.


Things to keep in mind while taking pain killers


In all kinds of pain, the habit of going to the drug store and taking pain killers on your own without the advice of a doctor can cause various health problems. Overuse of pain killers usually leads to gastritis. Taking pain killers for a long time can cause kidney problems and heart problems. Therefore, pain killers should be taken only on the advice of a doctor after finding out the cause of the pain.


When taking pain killers, you should also pay attention to what time you take them. If we are taking pain killers that should be taken three times a day, we should take them 8 hours apart as much as possible. By doing so, it works effectively. Since the consumption of pain killers is generally more likely to cause gastritis, it is better to eat some food before taking pain killers.

Do dogs really keep people away from depression?

Do dogs really keep people away from depression?


During the lockdown caused by the Corona pandemic, Kul Prasad Baral bought a golden retriever puppy and brought it to his home. He was not fond of dogs and had no affection for them. However, he says that after the school was closed, he brought a puppy to his granddaughter, who was locked inside the room, as a 'friend'.



"When she was alone, she didn't have a friend to play with, she started hanging around on her mobile around the clock," said Baral, who has a permanent home in Jhapa, "that's why we brought a puppy to play with."


Niroj Dangal, an animal technician at Pet House in Radheradhe, Bhaktapur, says that during the lockdown, the sale of puppies increased rapidly.


In the past, some people used to keep dogs in Lahalhaima or Dukhasekhi. At that time, people did not know what breed of dog to choose, for what purpose to keep it, how to keep it. However, he says that now the number of dog breeders is increasing due to their needs.



"Now a lot of people seem to take dogs home to get rid of loneliness," says Dangal.


A study by the National Alliance of Mental Illness says, 'The presence of a dog keeps people free from depression. Playing with dogs does not make you feel lonely. It helps to keep away from anxiety, stress, depression. At the same time, it keeps the dog physically active as it has to be played and rocked.


Psychologist Dr. We asked this question to Basudev Karki. Can dogs help people to be stress free?


In response, he said, 'A person's loneliness is also a factor behind depression or anxiety. An empty mind is like the devil's house, when you live alone, many things play in your mind. Loneliness can also make people depressed. When a dog or a pet is with you, you don't feel alone. Due to this, one gets rid of depression, stress, anxiety etc.'


According to him, depression is generally divided into 3 stages, normal, moderate and complex. If you have mild or moderate depression, pets like dogs can act as therapy. Because in these two stages, rather than medicine, the patient is kept busy with what he likes. This is called behavioral therapy. Petting a dog is also part of behavioral therapy. It is used to keep people away from happiness and loneliness.


"However, there has been no study in Nepal so far that dogs reduce the risk of depression or prevent depression," psychologist Dr. Karki says, "That's why you can't tell about the relationship between dogs and depression."


A dog can understand the owner's mood


According to a report by the Patient Empowerment Network, dogs can sense their owner's mood. One can guess how happy or sad the owner is by looking at the owner's face or expression. Dogs behave accordingly with their owners.


Like, when the owner has come home happily from somewhere, the dog jumps up and comes to play. If the owner looks sad or worried, the dog slowly approaches and sits with the owner, humming.


The common thread of some studies is that dogs can help reduce everything from depression to anxiety and aggression and other mental health problems.


How does a dog keep away from depression?


Veterinary Dr. According to Pranav Joshi, a dog is an animal that likes and wants to mingle easily with people. Dogs always want to be close to people. Prefers to play with people. Being a sociable animal, dogs do not let people feel lonely.


Also, dogs play a helpful role in keeping people alert, active and mentally busy. There are four reasons why dogs keep people away from depression. Joshi points.


First: After getting a dog, it needs to be fed, groomed, and walked around. Because of the dog, some people go out to the park, go out for a walk outside the house. It keeps people active as they have to walk the dog or play outdoors.


Second: The dog does not let you feel lonely. When we are alone at home, the dog keeps drawing our attention in one way or another. Sometimes it calls to play, sometimes it starts looking for food. Sometimes it barks and jumps. This is how dogs keep people busy.


Third: Dogs help to socialize with other strangers. If there is a neighbor or someone else who keeps a dog, they are well known.


Fourth: Often the average lifespan of pets like dogs and cats is 10 to 15 years. At some point, you have to part with the dog you love. It also teaches people to bear the pain of separation and accept death.


According to the report of the National Alliance of Mental Illness, dogs never make their owners feel sad or lonely. They live together and love so that there is no chance of stress or anxiety in the mind. Also, the dog gives a sense of security and closeness that "I am with you even if no one is around".


According to the American Heart Association, there are 5 ways that pets can help with stress and mental health, including reducing work stress, stimulating creativity, keeping you physically and mentally fit, refreshing, and helping to keep you away from loneliness.


Why do dog bites increase in summer?



In summer, dogs become more aggressive and there is also an increase in dog bites to people? In fact, it is not a coincidence. Recently, American scientists have discovered its underlying cause.


A study conducted by Harvard Medical School on more than 70,000 dog bite cases brought out a strange fact. What is seen from this study is that dogs are becoming more violent over time and this trend is sure to increase.





During the study, it has been observed that the rate of dog attacks on people increases on days when there is more heat and dust. According to researchers, when pollution is high, dog attacks increase by 11 percent compared to other days.


According to scientists, climate change and global warming are increasing due to human causes and its effect is also affecting the mood of dogs.



This research has been published on June 15 in Scientific Reports of the journal Nature. The study was conducted for 10 years in 8 major US cities. What it clearly shows is that the winter season is very hot and the days when the amount of dust and smoke increases, the aggressiveness of the dog also seems to increase.


According to research, dog bites increase by 11 percent when exposure to UV rays increases. In summer, it increases by another 4 percent, while the fear of dog bites increases by another 3 percent on days with increased ozone levels.


Similarly, it has been observed that dog bites increase by 1 percent even when there is heavy rain.


Effects of heat on humans too


What some studies have shown is that there is a direct relationship between crime incidents and high temperatures, i.e. hot weather.


Amsterdam-based Vrij University conducted a study on the subject, the results of which were published in the journal Behavioral and Brain Sciences. It analyzed the relationship between climate, human aggression and self-control.


According to researchers, the climate in which people live plays a role in controlling or provoking their anger. People become more aggressive and crime rates increase in hot weather, which decreases in cooler areas.


Recent studies have shown that this trend in humans also applies to dogs.


4 things to keep in mind when taking your dog outside for a walk


Not everyone keeps a dog at home only in Dekhasiki or Lahad. Some people keep it for the security of the house, while others keep the dog with them to make the family atmosphere fun. To avoid loneliness, the tribe of dog breeders is growing.


After keeping a dog at home, it is not only necessary to feed him properly, but also to give him time. Many breeds of dogs are very energetic and need to be taken outside regularly. The problem is that we do not have a separate park for dogs.





Chowk, street, roadside or any open place should be used. In such a situation, there is a situation where local people and neighbors have to abuse. Because they defecate and urinate on random dogs, bark and bark at cats, and eat whatever they find on the road.


Therefore, before taking your pet dog outside for a walk, you should take care of a few things.



1. Carry a fold picker


When taking the dog outside, care should be taken about how to manage and dispose of the feces. When going outside, you should make it a habit to defecate and urinate in a certain place. Also, you should carry a potty picker (faeces picker) with you. In this way, the faeces should be kept in polythene and disposed of properly.


2. Lead with a rope


Pet dogs can run wild when they are let out. While running in this way, it can attack people and fight with other dogs. So if possible wear a rope (harness and leash) and walk with you.


3. Learn to walk with yourself


A dog is taught the same behavior at a young age. You can get into the habit of walking with yourself while swinging outside. Especially it is best to make a habit of walking on a rope. While walking in this way, the dog may pull the rope and try to run around. But if they are taught to walk with you from a young age, they will not pull the rope, they will walk straight.


4. Get vaccinated


Dogs may bite others for some reason while walking outside. Or can fight with street dogs. At such times, there is a fear of spreading and spreading an infection like rabies. Therefore, certain vaccinations should be given to the dog at an early age. It should be taken out of the house only after giving such a vaccine.


Do you have to take all the dogs outside for a walk?


Generally there are two types of dogs, big and small. There are large breeds like Siberian Husky, German Shepherd, Cocker Spaniel, Golden Retriever, Dalmation. They must be taken outside the house for half to an hour a day. Such dogs should be allowed to run, play and exercise outside the house or in the open.


It is not enough to keep such dogs indoors and exercise them. Because they need exercise according to their body structure, they have to play in open spaces.


However, small breed dogs such as Shiba Inu, Beagle, Pug, Dudal, Golden Retriever, Spania, Japanese Spitz are only allowed to play indoors and let them run around the floor. It is not necessary to bring them outside.


Similarly, if the dog is sick, diseased or has a lack of glucose in the body, it should be taken for a walk only with the advice of a veterinarian. Only healthy dogs are allowed to walk outside.


What kind of place to take?


In foreign countries, there is a separate pet park, but in Nepal there is no provision for it. Therefore, to walk the dog, you should choose a large open square, a garden or a place that does not disturb others.


If you take it for a walk in a crowded or crowded place, there is a possibility that the dog will be angry with the person, and the person will be angry with the dog. That's why it is considered suitable for them to be petted in a quiet place with less human traffic, less community dog pressure, and less children. It is also effective to take your dog to a place where there is no stress.

What do you understand by Reductionism and non-reductionism. Discuss with reference.

What do you understand by Reductionism and non-reductionism. Discuss with reference. 


**Reductionism and Non-Reductionism: A Sociological Perspective**


Reductionism and non-reductionism are contrasting philosophical and methodological approaches that have implications for how we understand complex social phenomena. In the field of sociology, these concepts have been central in shaping how researchers approach the study of society and human behavior.



**Reductionism:**


Reductionism refers to the approach of explaining complex phenomena by breaking them down into simpler, more fundamental parts. In sociology, reductionism involves attempting to explain societal phenomena by reducing them to individual-level factors or mechanisms. This approach is rooted in a belief that understanding the behavior of individuals will inherently lead to an understanding of larger social structures and processes.


A classic example of reductionism in sociology can be found in the study of deviance. Early positivist criminologists such as Cesare Lombroso sought to explain criminal behavior by reducing it to individual physical characteristics or traits. This reductionist approach aimed to find a single cause for complex social phenomena, overlooking broader societal factors that contribute to deviance.


**Non-Reductionism:**


Non-reductionism, on the other hand, asserts that complex phenomena cannot be adequately understood solely by breaking them down into their constituent parts. It emphasizes the importance of emergent properties that arise from interactions between various elements. In sociology, non-reductionism emphasizes the significance of social structures, institutions, culture, and historical contexts in shaping individual behavior and societal outcomes.


One prominent sociological perspective that aligns with non-reductionism is symbolic interactionism. This approach focuses on the micro-level interactions between individuals and how meanings are constructed through these interactions. Symbolic interactionists argue that social phenomena cannot be reduced to individual behaviors alone, as the meanings attached to actions and symbols are integral to understanding human behavior within a social context.


**Reference to Social Theory:**


A key reference in the discussion of reductionism and non-reductionism is Émile Durkheim's work on suicide. Durkheim's study aimed to understand the social factors influencing suicide rates. Instead of reducing suicide to individual psychological factors, Durkheim highlighted the importance of social integration and social regulation. He demonstrated that suicide rates were influenced by larger societal structures and norms, showcasing the limitations of reductionism in explaining complex social phenomena.


In contrast, Max Weber's concept of verstehen, or empathetic understanding, emphasizes the need to consider the subjective meanings individuals attach to their actions. This aligns with non-reductionist thinking by highlighting the importance of understanding social actions within their broader cultural and historical contexts.


**Implications for Sociology:**


The debate between reductionism and non-reductionism has profound implications for sociological research and analysis. Reductionism can provide valuable insights into individual behaviors and psychological mechanisms, but it risks oversimplifying complex social processes. Non-reductionism reminds us that societal phenomena are multi-dimensional and interconnected, requiring an understanding of how various elements interact to shape outcomes.


Contemporary sociological research often seeks a balance between these perspectives. Mixed-methods approaches, for example, allow researchers to incorporate both individual-level analyses and broader structural considerations. Moreover, a growing emphasis on intersectionality recognizes that individuals' experiences are shaped by multiple dimensions of identity and social context, highlighting the limitations of reductionism in addressing these complexities.


In conclusion, reductionism and non-reductionism represent two contrasting approaches within sociology for understanding complex social phenomena. While reductionism seeks to break down phenomena into simpler components, non-reductionism emphasizes the importance of emergent properties and broader social contexts. The sociological landscape benefits from incorporating insights from both perspectives, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between individual actions and societal structures.

Do you know about structural functional perspectives from sociology?

Do you know about structural functional perspectives from sociology? 


Sure. Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that views society as a complex system of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function to perform. These parts include institutions such as the family, the economy, and the government. Each institution plays a role in maintaining social order and stability.

For example, the family provides for the physical and emotional needs of its members, the economy produces goods and services that people need, and the government provides for the common good by enforcing laws and protecting citizens from harm.



Structural functionalism is a useful tool for understanding how society works. It can help us to identify the different parts of society and to understand how they interact with each other. It can also help us to understand how social change occurs.

However, structural functionalism has also been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring the conflict and inequality that exist in society. It is important to remember that structural functionalism is just one perspective on society, and that other perspectives can offer different insights.

Here are some of the key features of structural functionalism:

Society is a complex system of interrelated parts.

Each part of society has a specific function to perform.

These parts work together to maintain social order and stability.

Social change occurs when there is a disruption in the system.

Here are some examples of how structural functionalism can be used to understand society:

The family: The family is the basic unit of society. It provides for the physical and emotional needs of its members.

The economy: The economy is the system that produces goods and services that people need. It also provides jobs and income for people.

The government: The government is responsible for providing for the common good. It enforces laws, protects citizens from harm, and provides for public services such as education and healthcare.

Structural functionalism is a valuable tool for understanding society. It can help us to identify the different parts of society and to understand how they interact with each other. It can also help us to understand how social change occurs. However, it is important to remember that structural functionalism is just one perspective on society, and that other perspectives can offer different insights.


Historical context of structural functional perspective 

Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that emerged in the early 20th century. It was developed by Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton, among others. Structural functionalism views society as a complex system of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function to perform. These parts include institutions such as the family, the economy, and the government. Each institution plays a role in maintaining social order and stability.

The historical context of structural functionalism is important to understand in order to appreciate its strengths and weaknesses. Structural functionalism emerged in the early 20th century, a time of great social and economic change. The Industrial Revolution had led to urbanization, mass migration, and the growth of a large working class. These changes had a profound impact on society, and sociologists were eager to develop new theories that could explain these changes.

Structural functionalism was one of the first sociological theories to address the challenges of modern society. It offered a way of understanding how society worked and how it could be maintained in the face of change. Structural functionalism was also a way of justifying the status quo. It argued that society was a well-functioning system, and that any changes to the system would be disruptive and harmful.

Structural functionalism was very influential in the mid-20th century. It was the dominant sociological theory in the United States and Europe. However, structural functionalism began to decline in popularity in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This decline was due to a number of factors, including the rise of new sociological theories such as conflict theory and feminism, and the social and political upheaval of the time.

Despite its decline, structural functionalism remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena. However, it is important to remember that structural functionalism is just one perspective on society, and that other perspectives can offer different insights.

Here are some of the key figures in the development of structural functionalism:

Émile Durkheim: Durkheim was a French sociologist who is considered the founder of structural functionalism. He argued that society is a complex system of interrelated parts, each of which has a specific function to perform.

Talcott Parsons: Parsons was an American sociologist who was one of the most influential figures in the development of structural functionalism. He developed a complex theory of society that explained how different parts of society interact with each other.

Robert Merton: Merton was an American sociologist who was a student of Parsons. He developed a more critical version of structural functionalism that focused on the dysfunctions of society.

Here are some of the criticisms of structural functionalism:

It is too simplistic: Structural functionalism has been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring the conflict and inequality that exist in society.

It is ahistorical: Structural functionalism has also been criticized for being ahistorical. It does not take into account the historical development of society.

It is conservative: Structural functionalism has been criticized for being conservative. It tends to justify the status quo and to discourage social change.

Despite these criticisms, structural functionalism remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena.



Key arguments of structural functional perspective 

Sure, here are some of the key arguments of structural functional perspective:

Society is a system: Structural functionalists view society as a system, which is a collection of interrelated parts that work together to achieve a common goal.

Parts of society have functions: Each part of society has a specific function to perform. For example, the family provides for the physical and emotional needs of its members, the economy produces goods and services that people need, and the government provides for the common good by enforcing laws and protecting citizens from harm.

Functions are necessary for stability: The functions that different parts of society perform are necessary for the stability of society. If one part of society fails to perform its function, it can lead to instability and even conflict.

Change is inevitable: Change is inevitable in society. However, structural functionalists believe that change is usually gradual and that it is necessary for the continued adaptation and survival of society.

Here are some examples of how structural functionalism can be used to understand society:

The family: The family is the basic unit of society. It provides for the physical and emotional needs of its members. The family also socializes children and teaches them the norms and values of society.

The economy: The economy is the system that produces goods and services that people need. It also provides jobs and income for people. The economy is important for the stability of society because it provides the resources that people need to live.

The government: The government is responsible for providing for the common good. It enforces laws, protects citizens from harm, and provides for public services such as education and healthcare. The government is important for the stability of society because it provides a way to resolve conflict and to ensure that the needs of all members of society are met.

Structural functionalism is a valuable tool for understanding society. It can help us to identify the different parts of society and to understand how they interact with each other. It can also help us to understand how social change occurs. However, it is important to remember that structural functionalism is just one perspective on society, and that other perspectives can offer different insights.



Structural functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as complex system whose parts work together to promote social solidarity. Justify this statement on 1500 words. 

Sure, here is a justification of the statement that structural functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote social solidarity, in 1500 words.

Structural functionalism is a sociological theory that views society as a complex system of interrelated parts. Each part of society has a specific function to perform, and these functions work together to maintain social order and stability. Structural functionalists believe that society is a well-functioning system, and that any changes to the system would be disruptive and harmful.

One of the key concepts in structural functionalism is social solidarity. Social solidarity is the degree to which members of a society share common values and beliefs, and are committed to the common good. Structural functionalists believe that social solidarity is essential for the stability of society. They argue that when people share common values and beliefs, they are more likely to cooperate with each other and to work together to solve problems.

There are a number of different ways in which structural functionalism can be used to promote social solidarity. One way is through education. Education can help to teach people about the common values and beliefs of society, and it can also help to develop skills and knowledge that are necessary for cooperation and problem-solving. Another way to promote social solidarity is through religion. Religion can provide people with a sense of community and belonging, and it can also help to teach people about moral values and ethics. Finally, social solidarity can also be promoted through government policies. For example, government policies that promote equality and opportunity can help to create a society where everyone feels like they have a stake in the system.

Structural functionalism has been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring conflict and inequality in society. However, it remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena.

Here are some specific examples of how structural functionalism can be used to promote social solidarity:

Education: Schools can teach students about the common values and beliefs of society, such as democracy, equality, and respect for others. They can also teach students the skills and knowledge that are necessary for cooperation and problem-solving, such as communication, teamwork, and conflict resolution.

Religion: Religious institutions can provide people with a sense of community and belonging. They can also help to teach people about moral values and ethics, such as compassion, forgiveness, and love.

Government policies: Government policies can promote social solidarity by promoting equality and opportunity. For example, government policies that provide for universal healthcare and education can help to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to succeed.

By promoting social solidarity, structural functionalism can help to create a more stable and just society.

In conclusion, structural functionalism is a theoretical perspective that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote social solidarity. Structural functionalists believe that society is a well-functioning system, and that any changes to the system would be disruptive and harmful. Structural functionalism has been criticized for being too simplistic and for ignoring conflict and inequality in society. However, it remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena.

Functional approaches are highly useful and practical when used as a foundation for systemic analysis of real-world. Taking position through lens of  Talcott Parsons explain why he said that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing  social phenomena. 


Sure, here is an explanation of why Talcott Parsons said that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing social phenomena, in 5000 words.

Talcott Parsons was a sociologist who lived from 1902 to 1979. He is considered one of the most important sociologists of the 20th century. Parsons developed a theory of society that is known as structural functionalism. Structural functionalism is a theory that views society as a complex system of interrelated parts. Each part of society has a specific function to perform, and these functions work together to maintain social order and stability.

Parsons believed that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing social phenomena. Social structure refers to the way that society is organized. It includes things like institutions, roles, and norms. Social phenomena, on the other hand, refer to the things that happen in society. They include things like crime, poverty, and social movements.

Parsons argued that sociologists need to understand social structure before they can understand social phenomena. This is because social phenomena are shaped by social structure. For example, crime is more likely to occur in societies where there is a lot of inequality. Poverty is more likely to occur in societies where there are not enough jobs. And social movements are more likely to occur in societies where there is a lot of social change.

Parsons's view of sociology has been criticized by some sociologists. They argue that Parsons's theory is too simplistic and that it ignores conflict and inequality in society. However, Parsons's theory remains an important sociological theory. It provides a valuable perspective on society, and it can be used to understand a wide range of social phenomena.

Here is a more detailed explanation of why Parsons believed that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing social phenomena:

Social structure provides the context for social phenomena. Social phenomena do not occur in a vacuum. They occur within a particular social context. This context includes things like the economy, the political system, and the culture. Social structure helps to shape these contexts, and it also helps to shape the way that people interact with each other.

Social structure provides the resources for social phenomena. Social phenomena require resources in order to occur. These resources can include things like money, time, and information. Social structure helps to distribute these resources, and it also helps to determine who has access to them.

Social structure provides the norms and values that shape social phenomena. Social phenomena are shaped by the norms and values of society. These norms and values tell people what is considered acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Social structure helps to create and maintain these norms and values, and it also helps to ensure that people conform to them.

In conclusion, Parsons believed that sociologists should study social structure before analyzing social phenomena because social structure provides the context, resources, and norms and values that shape social phenomena. By understanding social structure, sociologists can better understand how social phenomena occur and how they can be changed.

Here are some examples of how sociologists have used structural functionalism to study social phenomena:

Crime: Sociologists have used structural functionalism to study crime. They have found that crime is more likely to occur in societies where there is a lot of inequality. This is because inequality creates a sense of frustration and anger, which can lead to crime.

Poverty: Sociologists have used structural functionalism to study poverty. They have found that poverty is more likely to occur in societies where there are not enough jobs. This is because unemployment creates a lack of income, which can lead to poverty.

Social movements: Sociologists have used structural functionalism to study social movements. They have found that social movements are more likely to occur in societies where there is a lot of social change. This is because social change creates a sense of uncertainty and instability, which can lead to social movements.

By studying social structure, sociologists can better understand how social phenomena occur and how they can be changed. This knowledge can be used to create policies and programs that can help to improve society.




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