Why is a postmortem necessary in unnatural deaths?

 Why is a postmortem necessary in unnatural deaths?

A postmortem is an examination of a body after death and is mandatory according to law in unnatural deaths.

A postmortem helps in finding the cause of death and helps in justice and helps in protecting the future from accidents and diseases.

A postmortem is an examination of a body after death. There are many misconceptions and misconceptions about postmortem in Nepali society. Due to such misconceptions and misconceptions in our society regarding postmortem, most of the relatives of the deceased do not want to perform a postmortem on the body of their loved one after death.

During a postmortem, the body has to be cut open and the internal organs examined. For this reason, people in Nepali society do not want to perform postmortems as much as possible due to religious and cultural issues.

However, if the death occurred in an unnatural manner, then a postmortem of such a body is necessary. For example: if someone finds a body in a murder, suicide, suspicious death, accidental death, sudden death, or a dead body, the police must be notified and a postmortem must be performed according to law. Since such deaths are suspicious, the cause of death must be found for the police investigation, for which a postmortem must be performed.

History of Postmortem

When digging into the history of postmortem, we have to go back to the beginning of the 14th century. In 1302, a postmortem of a body was performed for the purpose of investigating a death in Bologna, Italy. Similarly, since centuries ago, postmortems have also been performed in France, Egypt, and China to assist the law.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, postmortems gradually developed after the traditions of China and Babylon and the advanced use of European medical science. It was born separately in medicine, which was named ‘forensic medicine’. This field includes postmortems of bodies and medico-legal cases.

This branch of medicine is also known and understood as forensic pathology or legal medicine in some countries. In Nepal, the practice of performing postmortems in suspicious deaths seems to have started since 1960. The government doctor of Kathmandu's Prison Hospital officially started postmortems for the first time at Bir Hospital.

Why do postmortems?

Section 20 of the Criminal Procedure (Code) Act 2074 BS states that in the Nepali Constitution, in case of an accident, suicide or suspicious death within the territory of Nepal, the postmortem of the deceased must be paid by the government at all costs. Postmortems are performed at the request of the legal authorities responsible for investigating accidental and unnatural deaths, and the Nepal Police has the legal authority in Nepal.

A question that comes to the police every time after a death is why do we perform postmortems? What is the benefit of performing postmortems? The dead person is already dead, so why should we cause more suffering?

First of all, what should we understand is that we perform postmortems for the living rather than for the dying person. Postmortems provide a basis for finding out the facts and the cause of death, punishing the guilty and saving the innocent.

It helps in justice. In addition, performing a postmortem reveals many details about the death, which not only helps in investigating the death but also helps in making the living aware of diseases and causes of death.

In the event of a vehicle accident, the nature of the internal injuries can be examined and the safety systems of vehicles can be made aware. Previously, it was through such research that helmets were worn while riding a motorcycle, seat belts were made mandatory while driving, and airbags were made mandatory in vehicles, as well as head rests in the event of an accident.

Reasons for performing a postmortem

1. In fatal accidents

A postmortem is mandatory in fatal accidents because it can be found out which part of the human body is most affected in an accident and which part is most affected and leads to death. This helps in knowing about the measures to be taken to avoid the accident, the methods to be adopted in treatment, and awareness. This helps in reducing the number of deaths caused by fatal accidents.

2. In case of sudden death

In case of sudden death, postmortem can be done to find out the disease that most people die from. Postmortem can be done to find out which part of the body is affected by such diseases. By finding out the nature and condition of the disease, society can be helped to save it from diseases. Similarly, this can also help to find out about hereditary diseases and alert other family members in time to save it from premature death.

3. Help the law

The police must conduct a postmortem when investigating a death. The cause of death is mentioned on the basis of the postmortem report, based on which further legal investigation is carried out.

In case of suspicious death, the family, relatives and eyewitnesses of the deceased also make various statements according to their interests. Preparing a postmortem report based on statements affects the police investigation, therefore, postmortem is also mandatory from a legal point of view to help in finding out the exact cause of death and conducting a fair investigation.

3. For scientific research

The nature of the wounds on the body may vary between a vehicle accident, a fall, and a beating, which will allow proper scientific research to examine the nature of the injuries on disputed bodies in the future and determine whether the injuries were caused by a vehicle accident, a duty-related death (beating), or a fall. There may be grounds for distinguishing between the two.

How is a postmortem performed?

A postmortem is performed in all district hospitals or large government hospitals in Nepal. After a police report, it should be performed by a forensic expert or a doctor registered with the Nepal Medical Council. During a postmortem, the body is completely naked, the outer covering is noted, and the body is completely dissected and examined.

Sometimes, pieces of various parts of the body are removed to provide additional evidence for the police to investigate and the doctor performing the postmortem to determine the cause of death. And it is also sent to the police forensic laboratory for further examination. After the postmortem, a report with the doctor's signature is submitted to the police.

Postmortem related mistakes

1. The body is not dismembered during a postmortem

During a postmortem, the body is dissected as needed, and after examining the vital organs, the body is re-stitched and handed over to the relatives in its original state.

2. The organs of the body are not removed during the postmortem

The main purpose of performing a postmortem is to find out the cause of death. Therefore, the body is dissected and examined for important organs. Then the organs are placed inside the body and sewn up and sent. In any suspicious situation, small pieces of organs can be removed for testing for poisons and other chemicals as needed. Then the organs are sewn up in their entirety. After death, no organ works for another person.

3. A postmortem cannot be done without dissecting the body

In Nepal, a postmortem cannot be done without dissecting the body. However, sometimes, since hospital reports reveal the cause of death based on CT scans and X-rays, a postmortem can be done even with minimal incisions. Therefore, the hospital report is important after death.

4. Is it known whether a person is dead or not after an autopsy?

A postmortem is basically to find out the cause of death. After the cause of death is determined, the investigation into whether the death was accidental, accidental, or suicide remains. After the doctor determines the cause of death, the police investigate based on that. The doctor who performs the autopsy does not reveal the exact cause.

But sometimes, based on the nature of the injuries on the body, the doctor can give an opinion to the court about accidental, accidental, or suicide.

Postmortem Neglected

Postmortem plays an important role in determining the cause of death and minimizing deaths due to potential disasters.

Due to the state's lack of importance in this field, the new methods introduced by medical science in this field have not yet been introduced in Nepal, which is why even today the postmortem space in government hospitals in Nepal is limited to a dark room.

In developed countries, postmortem examination rooms are equipped with postmortem X-rays and CT scans, as well as labs for DNA, drug and poison testing, to minimize the amount of dissection required during postmortems. However, ironically, in Nepal, state agencies are less knowledgeable about what constitutes a dead body and have neglected this area in every way.

What is Alpha School in America, where AI teaches instead of teachers!

 What is Alpha School in America, where AI teaches instead of teachers!

What comes to mind when you think of ‘school’? Surely, for many, classrooms from kindergarten to 12th grade, front-line teachers, and long lessons come to mind. This is how schools have been set up for centuries. But now, as AI is changing our lifestyle, the traditional way of learning and schooling has also started to take a new form.

Alpha School, located in Texas, USA, has become a global sensation due to its unique and modern way of teaching students. Instead of a teacher teaching 25-40 students at a time as per the traditional style, it is said that in this school, students are instructed individually by AI guides. It is said that the AI ​​system also analyzes their progress and provides immediate feedback, which helps them improve their weaknesses.

At Alpha School, students are said to have to study for only 2 hours a day. According to international media, after two hours of study, Alpha School students spend time on physical activity, problem-solving activities, leadership exercises, and life skills. These include activities ranging from long bike rides to creative projects and entrepreneurship training.

Another feature of Alpha School is its financial rewards system. Students are said to earn money for completing assignments, projects, or mastering skills, which they can spend on their own projects or interests, or even invest.

According to international media, Alpha School is not a school that appeared overnight or became famous. It has been operating on campuses in Texas, Florida, and California for more than a decade, and is now preparing to expand to New York City. It is said that a new Alpha campus is planned to open in Manhattan next September, with annual tuition fees ranging from $40,000 to $65,000, depending on the location.

This unique and technological teaching style demonstrated by Alpha School has shown the potential for education to take on a completely new form through innovation, not just limited to books and teachers.

What are the procedures for postmortems and identification of those who died in the protests?

 What are the procedures for postmortems and identification of those who died in the protests?

Coordination between forensic science, police, and hospitals is necessary to identify and determine the cause of death of those who died during the protests.

An official letter of medico-legal examination from the police is required before the postmortem is conducted, which confirms the cause of death.

DNA analysis and other scientific methods are used to identify bodies that have been burned, but identifying completely burned bodies is challenging.

Violent incidents during protests cause great human loss. In such incidents, a complex and sensitive procedure is adopted to identify and determine the cause of death of those who die due to gunshots, fire, or other injuries.

Coordination between forensic science, as well as the police, and hospitals is very important to identify and determine the cause of death of the deceased. This process is sensitive from both a scientific and legal perspective.

Incident and initial procedures

People who die during the protests are often taken to the hospital immediately by eyewitnesses or friends. The name of the deceased is registered in the hospital and treatment is attempted. If the person is confirmed not to be alive, the body is sent for postmortem. Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu is a well-equipped centre for mortuary storage and postmortem. The body is preserved in a freezer facility. The teaching hospital has the necessary equipment for proper management of the body and postmortem, which makes the process systematic.

Identification process of the deceased

Initial identification

The identity cards, jewellery or other personal belongings of the deceased form the initial basis for identification. The name and address of the deceased can be ascertained from such items. If such items are not available, the relatives come to the hospital and identify the body.

Personal belongings are of great help in the identification process, but sometimes other scientific methods have to be used in cases where these items are destroyed.

Notification to relatives

Once the details of the deceased are registered in the hospital, the relatives are informed. The hospital maintains a list of the names of the deceased, which the relatives look at to identify the body. Once the identity is confirmed, the postmortem process proceeds.

Postmortem and medico-legal process

A medical-legal examination is required from the police before a postmortem can be conducted. In cases where police stations are affected, such a letter is issued by the Kathmandu Police Complex. A postmortem determines the cause of death, such as gunshot wounds, injuries or fire. This process is important for the relatives of the deceased and the community to uncover the truth.

The main causes of death during the protests currently include gunshot wounds, internal injuries, head injuries or fire. In cases of gunshot deaths, doctors analyze the nature of the bullet and the damage to the body.

Identification of people who died in a fire

The identification of bodies that died in a fire is complicated. For example, in the case of seven people who died in a fire in Bhatbhateni, identification is challenging. Methods such as presumptive identification and DNA analysis are used to identify burned bodies. If jewelry, clothes or other personal belongings are left, they can be used to identify them.

DNA Analysis

When a body is not completely burned and some tissue remains, DNA is extracted and analyzed. This process is carried out at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory of the Nepal Police. DNA analysis can confirm the identity of the deceased, but this process is time-consuming and resource-intensive.

DNA Analysis Process

DNA Extraction

DNA is extracted from white blood cells, because red blood cells do not have a nucleus. DNA can be extracted from bones or teeth in burned bodies, if they are not destroyed.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR-M)

If the amount of DNA is low, the amount of DNA is increased by the PCR-M process. This makes it easier to analyze the DNA sequence adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine.

Profile Matching

The DNA profile of the deceased is compared with the DNA of his father or mother. A 50 percent match between the father or mother's DNA confirms the identity.

Challenges in completely burnt bodies

If the body is completely burnt and the tissues are destroyed, DNA analysis is not possible. In such a case, identification becomes impossible. Also, if the relatives of the deceased do not contact them in time, the process becomes more complicated. The possibility of identifying completely burnt bodies is limited, but we must make the most of the resources and technology available.

This process is not only to identify the deceased and determine the cause of death, but it is also a means of ensuring truth and justice in society. Such sensitive processes provide comfort to the victim’s family and provide truthful information to society.

Back Pain: An Accounts Officer in the Circle of Wrong Treatment

 Back Pain: An Accounts Officer in the Circle of Wrong Treatment

Accounts Officer Tilak Shrestha started treatment for back pain at the Physiotherapy Unit of Bir Hospital in 2082 Jestha.

Tilak spent more than two hundred thousand rupees on various clinics and treatments for 6 months, but it did not get better.

Physiotherapy at Bir Hospital reduced Tilak's pain by teaching him evidence-based treatment and exercises, and he returned to work.

Tilak Shrestha (name changed) by profession, an accounts officer by profession, arrived at the Physiotherapy Unit of Bir Hospital in 2082 Jestha.

His problem was back pain.

He came here after wandering around many places for treatment but the problem was not resolved.

He recounted the list of frustrations he faced during treatment.

This experience is not unique to him, many people with back pain experience the same. Many people fall into the trap of wrong treatment by following unnecessary suggestions from various people.

Suffering from pain

Tilak had been suffering from back pain for 6 months. The pain was worse when he woke up in the morning. It was worse when he sat or stood for a long time. At first, he ignored it, considering it normal. The pain gradually spread to his legs and made it difficult to walk. He even changed his office chair twice, wondering if it was because he was uncomfortable sitting while working.

Unable to concentrate on work, unable to sit in the office for a long time, and daily life became difficult, he started looking for treatment.

Initial efforts

Initially, he went to an Ayurvedic treatment center in Basundhara as suggested by his uncle. There, he was told that his back hurt due to heavy lifting and sitting in the wrong posture. Tilak did not do heavy lifting. He concluded that his back hurt because he sat in the same position for a long time in the office.

He was given acupuncture services, hot water baths, and massage once a week. He was also told to take some medicines. Although these treatments reduced some of the pain, the problem did not completely resolve. He was charged Rs. 2200 each time for these treatments. The cost of the medicine was separate.

After the fourth massage during the treatment, he started having problems with tingling in his legs and increasing pain.

And at the clinic

When the problem did not work, he went to a clinic near his house to consult a doctor. On the doctor's advice, he got blood tests and X-rays done. These tests did not show any major problems. He was informed that there was a normal bone loss.

It was suggested that further tests be done for further investigation. Accordingly, tests were done for CBC, ESR, vitamin D, calcium, uric acid levels, etc. Additional blood tests were also done for other parameters.

After finding that all the parameters were normal, an MRI was asked to find out the cause of the back pain.

In the same clinic, ‘needle therapy’, ‘traction’, ‘tension’ were given as physiotherapy. However, Tilak did not feel any improvement. Instead, he felt more pain. He was advised to rest for some time and stay at home, not go to the office and not do daily household chores.

Second clinic and expensive expenses

Then he was advised to go to a clinic in Tripureshwor. After examining his problem, it was suggested that he should burst the lump in the back. For this, methods such as ‘needling’, ‘manual’, ‘chiropractic’ massage gun were used.

He underwent the treatment as prescribed there for 15 days at a rate of 1000 per day. But the pain did not reduce much.

More expenses at the third clinic

Then he went to another clinic near the Civil Hospital in Baneshwor. There he spent 500 per day and took hot steam for 9-10 days. He also took massage therapy for the same number of days. He spent 600 per day on that. Here, he spent about 10 thousand.

Although these simple massages and steam treatments provided immediate relief from the pain, they did not provide a long-term solution.

Towards natural treatment

Finally, Tilak went to a center in Baneshwor to seek natural treatment. Where he underwent treatment for 10 days continuously. There, treatments like ‘acupuncture’, ‘cupping’ were given. There, he was given 10 minutes of physiotherapy daily. In which the therapist would stretch his hands and teach him some exercises to do on his own.

These treatments also could not completely cure Tilak’s back pain.

Consultation with a doctor at the National Trauma Center

After many types of treatment did not help, he went to the National Trauma Center to consult an orthopedic doctor. There, the doctor said that the condition was very complicated and that an MRI should be done.

The doctor suggested taking medicine and doing physiotherapy for some time. If that did not help, he was told to get injections.

Tilak informed the doctor that he had not gotten better despite undergoing physiotherapy at various places. After hearing all that, the doctor suggested injections and surgery if necessary, and ordered an MRI.

At the Pain Care Center

Tilak was scared when they said injections and surgery would be necessary. When he consulted his friends and relatives, some gave examples of people who had undergone surgery and recovered, while others advised against surgery. This confusion left him in a dilemma.

After being diagnosed, he again started looking for non-surgical treatment. In the same vein, he reached the Pain Care Center. There, he was prescribed medicine for 20 days. After undergoing various therapies and treatments, he took the service for a few days at the rate of 700 rupees per day.

6 months of suffering and unnecessary expenses

Tilak went to various places for about 6 months for treatment of his back pain. During this, he had to endure physical pain, mental stress, work interruptions, and expenses of more than two hundred thousand rupees. He could not give time to his family. And his lifestyle was greatly affected.

He took 18 days off from work repeatedly during this time. Even after all this treatment, problems such as difficulty doing household chores, sitting in the office for long periods of time, and pain increasing when riding a scooter in potholes persisted.

What is his real problem?

The problem of back pain and the experience of suffering for treatment are common problems for many back pain patients in Nepal. In most cases, back pain is common and complications are rare. But if there is a health problem, it seems that the problem becomes more complicated when various people give various suggestions and the patient follows them.

The use of non-physiotherapy in the name of physiotherapy or the failure to use evidence-based physiotherapy treatment methods are also causing unnecessary suffering to the patient.

Time and money are being spent for free on treatments that do not yield results. There is a tendency to confuse patients by promoting new and unproven methods.

A misconception and practice that when there is a pain problem, an ‘MRI should be done’ at the first appointment has increased in Nepal. On the one hand, there is the problem of healthcare workers who insist on getting an MRI, and in some cases, patients themselves are dissatisfied with the healthcare workers not suggesting an MRI. There are also patients who think that the doctor did not ask for an MRI, perhaps ignoring my problem.

In fact, most back pain is not unnecessary to get an MRI. When an MRI is performed for normal pain, it may show normal ‘disk bulging’ or ‘degenerative changes’, which are also seen in many healthy people with age. When patients are told about these things seen on an MRI, patients are unnecessarily scared. They consider it a big problem and worry.

Similarly, the practice of injecting ‘steroids’ to relieve pain is also increasing in Nepal. Although steroids relieve pain immediately, their long-term effects and repeated use can have negative effects on the body.

What is even more worrying is the increasing trend of recommending surgery for simple back pain. While only 1-2 percent of back pain sufferers have a complex problem that requires surgery.

This is why patients are going through unnecessary suffering, expense, and mental stress. We need to understand that back pain is not a serious illness, it is a normal reaction of the body and can be managed with proper understanding.

The most important thing for back pain is reassurance, patience, and accurate information. About 95 percent of back pain is of a normal nature. It resolves on its own within 6 weeks to 3 months or is completely cured with good self-management.

Evidence-based ‘conservative’ treatment should be the first priority for the first 3 to 6 months. It is necessary to receive individualized physiotherapy services from a certified physiotherapist.

Exercises and hands-on therapies such as mobilization, manipulation, and stretching are provided according to the person’s condition, pain level, and functional capacity. The main goal of physiotherapy is to prepare the patient for self-management by teaching them about their body and pain. The physiotherapist assesses the patient’s functional capacity and suggests ways to increase their functional capacity.

This includes the following:

1. Self-management and patient education

The patient should be explained why back pain occurs, what its normal course is, and that in most cases it can resolve on its own. It is important to develop the idea that ‘back pain is not always serious’. Giving the patient accurate information about their pain reduces unnecessary fear and anxiety.

Fear and anxiety can cause and worsen pain. The patient should be reassured that back pain is normal and is not a long-term problem. Instead of bed rest, they should be encouraged to be active in their usual activities.

2. Pain management and exercise

Exercises that strengthen the back and abdominal muscles, increase flexibility, and improve posture (such as cobra pose, cat-camel stretch, pull exercises) should be taught according to the patient's condition.

Activities such as walking, cycling, and swimming increase blood circulation and help reduce pain. Hot or cold packs can be used to relieve short-term pain.

If the pain is unbearable, painkillers or muscle relaxants can be used on the advice of a doctor. However, relying on such medications for long-term pain relief can have negative effects.

3. Physical exertion and continuation of daily activities

You should be encouraged to continue your normal daily activities despite the pain. Prolonged inactivity can worsen the pain. Teach the correct way to sit, stand, and walk. Correct technique should be adopted when working on a computer or lifting heavy objects. Do not stay in any one posture or position for more than 30 minutes. Take ‘microbreaks’ every 20-30 minutes, such as getting up, walking, or stretching.

4. Psychological support

This is a treatment method provided by a physiotherapist in general and a clinical psychologist in complex cases when the patient shows yellow signs. For example: The role of mental health is important in chronic pain. It helps to change negative thoughts and behaviors towards pain. Meditation and mindfulness practices teach you to reduce the feeling of pain and accept it.

In what cases is complex treatment necessary?

If back pain lasts for 6 months If the pain persists for more than a month, does not improve with treatment, or if other serious symptoms occur along with the pain, other types of treatment are necessary.

For example, if there are problems such as weakness in the legs, problems with urine or stool control, persistent fever, or pain at night, additional tests such as MRI are necessary.

In this case, steroid injections or surgery should be considered. These treatment methods should be recommended only after a thorough evaluation by a specialist doctor.

The change in Tilak

What Tilak suffered in the name of treatment, he became a victim of malpractice. Which tortures the patient financially, physically, and mentally and reduces the importance of physiotherapy.

As advised by the physiotherapy unit of Bir Hospital, Tilak started taking regular physiotherapy sessions. He was given correct information about back pain. He was taught exercises to do daily. He improved his sitting style. He started walking regularly.

He realized that back pain is not always serious and staying active is the best treatment for it. Within a few weeks, his pain significantly decreased and he was able to return to his work fully. He was spared unnecessary expense and suffering.

What are the health risks of repeatedly frying samosas and jerry in oil?

 What are the health risks of repeatedly frying samosas and jerry in oil?

Experts say, ‘Reusing oil increases the risk of heart attack, cancer and other diseases.’

Repeated heating of oil has a negative impact on health as it causes chemical changes and increases the amount of trans-fat.

It is recommended to store oil properly and use new oil.

Often, samosas, pakodas, jerry, etc. are cooked in the same oil repeatedly in chowks and markets. Some people even use the remaining oil after cooking food once in their own homes and kitchens. What happens when oil is used repeatedly in this way?

Experts say, ‘Reusing oil increases the risk of heart attack, cancer and other diseases.’

Not only at home but also in restaurants and roadside stalls, food is prepared by reheating oil. This has a negative impact on health. This can be responsible for many diseases, says senior nutritionist Bhupal Baniya.

Health effects of reusing oil

1. Chemical changes and increase in trans-fat

Repeated heating of cooking oil changes its chemical and nutritional properties. According to a study published in the Journal of Food Science and Technology (2021), repeated heating of oil increases the amount of ‘total polar compounds’, which is harmful to health.

These compounds damage the structure of the oil and increase the level of trans-fat. Bania says that trans-fat increases the risk of heart disease by increasing the amount of bad cholesterol.

According to a study published in the Journal of Nutrition 2020, reheated oil produces free radicals, which damage cells. Free radicals cause oxidative stress, which increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

2. Cancer risk

Harvard T.H. A study by the Chan School of Public Health (2022) noted that reheated oil produces toxic substances such as aldehydes.

These substances can damage DNA, which encourages the growth of cancer cells. In particular, the oil used in fried foods is repeatedly heated, which increases the amount of these toxins, Bania said.

According to a study published in the International Journal of Cancer (2019), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in reheated oil increase the risk of cancer in the lungs, skin and other organs. This risk is especially high in fried foods in hotels and restaurants, where the oil is heated for a long time.

3. Inflammation

Reheated oil promotes inflammation. According to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2021), the production of free radicals and other harmful compounds in reheated oil damages blood cells. Chronic inflammation can lead to diseases like heart disease, joint pain, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis.

4. Bacterial infections

When food particles remain in the oil, they encourage the growth of bacteria, says nutritionist Ayush Adhikari. He says, “If used oil is not stored properly, it can lead to the growth of bacteria like Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism. This is a serious food poisoning that can cause muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and other complications.”

5. Increase in cholesterol and acidity

According to a study published in the European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology (2023), the amount of saturated fat and oxidized lipids in repeatedly heated oil increases.

These compounds increase cholesterol levels, which harm the heart and blood vessels. In addition, the use of such oil can cause acidity, gas and digestive problems in the stomach, said Adhikari.

Ways to avoid reusing oil

Adhikari says that reusing oil can be avoided by cooking less. He says, "Do not use more oil than necessary and cook in small quantities. This reduces the chances of oil remaining."

You should try to use fresh oil every time you cook. If oil remains, he suggests storing it properly. After the used oil cools down, it should be carefully filtered to remove food particles. This prevents the growth of bacteria, said Adhikari.

"If oil is left over while cooking, it should be stored properly," says Adhikari. "The oil should be stored in a cool and dry place, away from sunlight and heat. Keeping it in the refrigerator reduces the growth of bacteria."

To avoid health problems caused by reusing oil, nutritionist Baniya suggests staying away from fast food and packet food. “These foods should be consumed less frequently as heated oil is frequently used in roadside stalls and restaurants,” says Bania.

He also says that it is important to avoid heating oil for a long time while cooking.

“When cooking, use mustard oil, olive oil or other oils with low saturated fat,” suggests Bania. “These oils are less harmful to heart health.”

Different oils have different smoke points. For example, olive oil is suitable for use at low heat, while sunflower or canola oil can be used at high heat. He also suggests paying attention to these things.

According to Bania, if there is a change in the color, smell or texture of the oil, it should be discarded. No. Such oil may contain high levels of harmful compounds, so the quality of the oil should be checked before use.

What happens in the body when we are in deep sleep?

 What happens in the body when we are in deep sleep?

Sleep is as necessary as nutritious food and pure water. Why do people feel sleepy? Why is it necessary to sleep? To know these mysteries, another important question is necessary, ‘What happens in our body when we are in deep sleep?’

Why do we feel sleepy?

Sleep also has stages. It is mainly divided into two parts. The first is rapid eye movement. The second is non-rapid eye movement. Apart from this, there are three more stages, which are called N-1, N-2 and N-3.

Out of these, N-3 is the deep sleep stage. It is also called wave sleep. We usually enter this stage within the first two hours of sleep. That is, we reach deep sleep. This is repeated in short periods throughout the night.

During this stage, i.e. deep sleep, the brain produces delta waves. This wave slows down brain activity and puts the body into a deep state of rest. It is very difficult to wake people up in this state. Even if they wake up, they often feel confused or unfocused.

Processes that occur in the body during deep sleep

During deep sleep, the body carries out various physical processes that play an important role in maintaining health and functionality.

1. Cell repair and growth

During deep sleep, the body repairs and regenerates cells. During this period, the production of growth hormone is high. Especially in children and adolescents. This hormone helps in the growth and repair of muscles, bones and other cells. In adults, this hormone also plays an important role in healing injuries, strengthening muscles and repairing cells.

During this time, the body also accelerates protein synthesis, which helps in regenerating damaged cells and building new cells.

2. Increases immunity

During deep sleep, the immune system is strengthened. During this time, the body produces proteins like cytokines, which are necessary to fight infection. Lack of sleep weakens the immune system.

Sleep promotes the activity of T-cells and other immune cells. These cells destroy viruses and bacteria that enter the body. Vaccines are also more effective in people who get enough sleep.

3. Brain cleansing and memory

During deep sleep, the brain cleanses itself and strengthens memory. In this process, it removes toxins and waste from the brain. Deep sleep also helps in increasing memory. The things learned throughout the day are organized in the brain and converted into long-term memory. This process is driven by the interaction between the hippocampus and the neocortex.

4. Energy storage and digestion

During deep sleep, the body's digestive rate decreases, which conserves energy. Heart rate, breathing, and body temperature decrease, which allows the body to rest. During this period, the body controls glucose utilization and improves insulin sensitivity, which reduces the risk of diabetes.

Sleep also controls levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. If sleep is lacking, cortisol levels increase, which increases the risk of stress, anxiety, and obesity.

5. Heart Health

Sleep helps keep the heart and circulatory system healthy. Blood pressure and heart rate decrease during this time, which relaxes the heart. People who get regular sleep have a lower risk of high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. In addition, during this time, the body also focuses on repairing blood vessels and reducing inflammation.

Effects of sleep deprivation

If sleep deprivation occurs, various body systems are negatively affected. Sleep deprivation weakens memory, reduces immunity, increases stress, and imbalances in digestion. In the long term, sleep deprivation increases the risk of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease, depression, and Alzheimer's.

How to get a good night's sleep?

Regular sleep schedule: Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.

Sleeping environment: A quiet, dark, and comfortable room.

Limit screen time: Reduce mobile and computer use before bed.

Healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management.

Google has purchased land in Finland worth 27 million euros to operate its data center.

 Google buys land in Finland worth 27 million euros to open data center

Google has purchased land in Finland worth 27 million euros to operate its data center.

According to a government press release, Google has been operating data centers in Finland since 2011.

Google built its first data center in Finland in 2009 in Hamina, a city 145 kilometers east of the country’s capital Helsinki. The data center currently employs about 400 full-time employees.

According to local media reports, in May this year, the American tech company announced a new investment of 1 billion euros to expand its Hamina campus, which is expected to create additional jobs over the next two years.

This is how to share your live location on Instagram

The popular social media app Instagram, owned by Meta, has released a new feature. With this new update, users can now share their current location with their friends.

This feature, which has been available on Meta's other messaging platform WhatsApp for a long time, has also been added to Instagram by the company. Instagram's live location sharing feature is integrated into Direct Messages, which are accompanied by sticker packs.

Live location can be shared on Instagram with stickers and nicknames. That is, you can share your location with your friends in messages with a nickname different from your name. According to the Instagram update, live location can be shared for a maximum of 1 hour.

This new feature of Instagram will be especially useful for users who often have gatherings and parties or want friends to gather at a specific place.

How to use the live location feature on Instagram?

First of all, update the Instagram app

Then go to Direct Message

There you will see various stickers, from there select the sticker with location

Then give access to the location and share it with any nickname you like.

What are the top 3 types of insurance? What is risk in insurance?

 What are the top 3 types of insurance? What is risk in insurance?

The **top three types of insurance** are typically the ones most essential for individuals and families to ensure financial security and peace of mind. Here's a breakdown of each:  

---

### 1. **Health Insurance**  

**Why It’s Important:**  

Health insurance covers medical expenses, including doctor visits, hospital stays, surgeries, and medications. It ensures that individuals and families can access necessary healthcare without facing overwhelming financial burdens.  

**Key Benefits:**  

- Covers preventive care (e.g., vaccinations and check-ups).  

- Reduces out-of-pocket costs for major medical procedures.  

- Protects against unexpected health crises and chronic conditions.  

**Popular Options:**  

- Employer-sponsored health plans.  

- Government programs like Medicare and Medicaid.  

- Private health insurance policies.  

---

### 2. **Life Insurance**  

**Why It’s Important:**  

Life insurance provides financial support to your loved ones in the event of your death. It helps cover expenses like funeral costs, outstanding debts, and future living expenses for your family.  

**Key Benefits:**  

- Ensures financial stability for dependents.  

- Helps pay off mortgages, loans, and other debts.  

- Offers peace of mind, knowing your family is financially secure.  

**Types of Life Insurance:**  

- **Term Life Insurance:** Coverage for a specific period (e.g., 10, 20, or 30 years).  

- **Whole Life Insurance:** Lifetime coverage with a cash value component.  

- **Universal Life Insurance:** Flexible policies with investment options.  

---

### 3. **Auto Insurance**  

**Why It’s Important:**  

Auto insurance is often required by law and protects drivers from financial liabilities related to car accidents, theft, or damage. It covers both personal and third-party risks.  

**Key Benefits:**  

- Covers repair or replacement costs for your vehicle.  

- Provides liability coverage for damages or injuries caused to others.  

- Protects against uninsured or underinsured drivers.  

**Coverage Options:**  

- **Liability Insurance:** Covers damages and injuries you cause to others.  

- **Collision Coverage:** Pays for damage to your own vehicle.  

- **Comprehensive Coverage:** Covers non-collision-related damages, like theft or natural disasters.  

---

### Why These Three?  

These types of insurance address the most common and critical risks individuals face: health emergencies, the financial impact of death, and liabilities related to vehicle use. Together, they form the foundation of a sound financial protection plan.  

In the context of insurance, **risk** refers to the possibility or likelihood of an event occurring that could result in financial loss, injury, or damage to property. Insurance is fundamentally about managing this uncertainty by transferring the financial burden of potential risks from the insured to the insurer.

---

### **Types of Risk in Insurance**

1. **Pure Risk**  

   - Involves situations where there is only a possibility of loss or no loss, with no potential for gain.  

   - Examples: Natural disasters, theft, illness, or death.  

   - Insurers typically cover pure risks because they can be measured and predicted statistically.  

2. **Speculative Risk**  

   - Involves situations where there is a possibility of loss, no loss, or a gain.  

   - Examples: Investments, business ventures.  

   - Speculative risks are not insurable because they depend on individual choices and market conditions.  

---

### **Components of Risk in Insurance**

1. **Peril**  

   - A specific cause of loss, such as fire, flood, or accident.  

   - Example: A house burning down due to a fire is a peril.  

2. **Hazard**  

   - Conditions or circumstances that increase the likelihood of a peril occurring.  

   - Types of Hazards:  

     - **Physical Hazards:** Tangible factors like a faulty electrical system.  

     - **Moral Hazards:** Behavioral risks, like exaggerating claims.  

     - **Morale Hazards:** Carelessness, such as leaving doors unlocked.  

---

### **Risk Assessment in Insurance**  

Insurers assess risk to determine:  

1. **Premiums:** Higher-risk individuals or properties may be charged more.  

2. **Policy Terms:** Coverage limits and exclusions are set based on the risk profile.  

3. **Insurability:** Some risks are deemed uninsurable if they are too unpredictable or catastrophic.  

---

### **Risk Mitigation in Insurance**  

Insurance doesn't eliminate risk but helps manage it. Risk mitigation strategies include:  

1. **Risk Transfer:** Transferring the financial burden to an insurer by purchasing a policy.  

2. **Risk Reduction:** Taking steps to lower the likelihood or severity of risks (e.g., installing smoke detectors).  

3. **Risk Retention:** Accepting minor risks (like small deductibles) to save on premiums.  

---

### **Examples of Risk in Different Insurance Types**

- **Health Insurance:** The risk of illness or injury leading to medical expenses.  

- **Auto Insurance:** The risk of car accidents or vehicle theft.  

- **Life Insurance:** The risk of premature death and its financial impact on dependents.  

- **Property Insurance:** The risk of property damage due to natural disasters or theft.  

---

Understanding risk is the cornerstone of insurance. It enables insurers to design policies that protect individuals and businesses while ensuring sustainability for the company.

10 Proven Ways to Make Money Online in 2025

10 Proven Ways to Make Money Online in 2025

Making money online has never been easier—or more profitable—than it is today. With countless opportunities available, whether you’re a student, a stay-at-home parent, or someone looking for a side hustle, you can generate income from the comfort of your home. In this guide, we’ll explore **proven ways to earn money online** that you can start right now.  

### 1. **Freelancing**  

Freelancing platforms like **Upwork**, **Fiverr**, and **Toptal** allow you to showcase your skills in areas such as writing, graphic design, programming, and more. The best part? You can set your own rates and work on projects you enjoy.  

**Pro Tip:** Specialize in high-demand niches like **copywriting** or **SEO services**, as these often come with lucrative opportunities.  

---

### 2. **Affiliate Marketing**  

Affiliate marketing remains a top choice for online income. By promoting products and earning a commission for every sale, you can turn your blog or social media platform into a revenue-generating machine. Popular programs include **Amazon Associates**, **ShareASale**, and **ClickBank**.  

**Keyword Alert:** Focus on high-converting niches like **tech gadgets**, **fitness equipment**, or **online courses**.  

---

### 3. **Dropshipping**  

The dropshipping model allows you to sell products without managing inventory. With platforms like **Shopify** and **WooCommerce**, you can launch an online store and partner with suppliers who ship directly to your customers.  

**Why it Works:** Dropshipping is perfect for entrepreneurs who want a low-risk, scalable business. Hot product categories include **smart home devices** and **personal care items**.  

---

### 4. **Start a Blog**  

If you have a passion for writing, blogging can be an excellent way to generate passive income. By optimizing your blog with high-CPM keywords like **"best online tools"**, **"financial planning apps"**, and **"top luxury gadgets"**, you can attract advertisers willing to pay premium rates.  

**Monetization Tips:** Use **Google AdSense**, sponsored posts, and affiliate links to maximize your earnings.  

---

### 5. **Online Tutoring**  

Are you skilled in math, science, or a second language? Platforms like **VIPKid**, **Chegg Tutors**, and **TutorMe** connect educators with students worldwide. Teaching online offers flexible hours and competitive pay.  

**Key Focus Areas:** English as a Second Language (ESL) and STEM subjects tend to attract higher hourly rates.  

---

### 6. **Investing in Cryptocurrency**  

Cryptocurrency trading and investing have skyrocketed in popularity. Platforms like **Binance**, **Coinbase**, and **Kraken** make it easy to buy, sell, and hold digital assets.  

**Pro Tip:** Focus on long-term strategies and research emerging coins with real-world applications.  

---

### 7. **Create an Online Course**  

Do you have expertise in a specific area? Share your knowledge by creating an online course. Platforms like **Udemy** and **Teachable** enable you to reach a global audience.  

**High-Demand Topics:** Digital marketing, coding, graphic design, and personal finance are evergreen niches.  

---

### 8. **Start a YouTube Channel**  

Video content is king, and YouTube offers endless earning potential. Whether it’s product reviews, tutorials, or vlogs, your content can generate revenue through ads, sponsorships, and memberships.  

**Optimization Tip:** Use high-ranking keywords like **"best gadgets 2024"** or **"make money online tips"** to boost visibility.  

---

### 9. **Sell Digital Products**  

From eBooks to stock photos and templates, selling digital products can provide a steady stream of passive income. Popular platforms include **Etsy**, **Gumroad**, and your own website.  

**Hot Products:** Social media templates, meal planners, and downloadable art prints.  

---

### 10. **Virtual Assistant Services**  

As businesses shift online, virtual assistants are in high demand. You can help clients with administrative tasks, social media management, and email handling. Websites like **Belay** and **Time Etc** are great places to start.  

**Key Skillsets:** Organization, attention to detail, and familiarity with tools like Google Workspace and Asana are crucial for success.  

---

### Conclusion: Take the First Step Today!  

Earning money online is more than a dream—it’s a reality for millions of people. Whether you choose to dive into freelancing, affiliate marketing, or another opportunity, the key is consistency and learning as you go.  

Start small, stay committed, and watch your online income grow!  

These health problems appear in winter, how to avoid them?

 These health problems appear in winter, how to avoid them?

With the onset of winter, the morning has become colder. The cold is increasing day by day. In such an environment, body temperature decreases.

Sometimes it may take time for the body to adapt to the increased cold, which may lead to various health problems.

During the winter season, people prefer to stay indoors to rest and keep their body warm. As a result, physical activity is reduced and necessary exercise is not done. Various health problems can also occur because the body is inactive.

In case of disease, winter season is considered as harsh season. Cold weather also bothers people with chronic diseases, old people and children. If they do not take special care in this season, it cannot be said that there is no risk of death due to the cold.

Some may even die without knowing it. Rheumatism, heart disease, respiratory and skin problems are the most common during this time.

What health problems do you see?

Seasonal colds

One of the main problems seen in winter is cold. With the onset of winter, due to the change in weather, the problem of colds starts to appear. Due to the seasonal virus, the number of colds in the winter season is very high.

Because influenza germs and viruses are more active in winter. Because of this, people with reduced immunity, children, the elderly and those who work in cold weather are likely to catch a cold.

Asthma

Also read this

How to take care of asthma patients at home?

In the winter season, many people may have felt that asthma has increased. In this case, the cold and dry air starts narrowing the airways going through the mouth to the lungs and makes breathing even worse.

Pneumonia

Children and the elderly are especially at high risk of pneumonia in this season. Pneumonia causes high fever, fatigue, and difficulty in breathing.

After lung infection, chest pain and breathing problems are seen.

Dry skin

One of the most common problems faced during cold weather is itchy and dry skin. Due to low humidity in the cold, the skin starts to itch and become dry.

joint pain

Many people suffer from joint pain during cold weather. To get relief from this, you should first keep your body and feet warm.

Sinusitis

Pinas or sinusitis is a problem in winter. Those who are suffering from cold may have headache and cold.

This problem occurs when the windows and doors of the house are closed and kept locked. There is no proper ventilation in this.

Tonsillitis

Tonsil is also a problem in winter. Tonsil problems can increase due to cold.

heart attack

The risk of heart attack also increases in winter. Especially in people with heart and high blood pressure, the drop in temperature causes narrowing of the blood vessels and makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood.

Due to this risk, experts do not recommend morning walk in winter season to obese and elderly people.

How to avoid?

- To avoid the cold, except for unnecessary work, do not leave the house and if you have to go out, you should wear warm clothes.

- As the body cannot adjust the temperature as soon as the weather changes, you should not stay in extremely cold or hot places in winter.

- When you go outside while sitting in AC, you should not sit in high temperature as the body cannot adjust to the cold weather outside.

- Apply moisturizer or coconut oil every night before going to bed to prevent skin rashes.

- Some people drink less water because it is cold in winter and if they drink a lot of water, they will urinate more. which is wrong. Regardless of the season, you should drink plenty of water.

- Chest problems may appear in winter. Therefore, especially, those who drive motorcycles and scooters should use chest guards and windproof jackets to protect their chests.

-Children and senior citizens and those with reduced immunity should be given special attention in the morning and evening.

- Various diseases related to winter attack due to weak immunity.

- Immunity can be increased by eating balanced and healthy food. A balanced diet makes a person healthy and fit.

- Winter yam is more allergic. Therefore, you should wear a mask not only when walking in dust and smoke but also at other times.

- Sitting in the morning sun is very good. In addition to getting vitamin D in the morning sun, it also prevents colds. Improves bone health.

- The risk of influenza and pneumonia can be avoided by taking influenza and vaccination in winter.

Why lips crack in winter, how to avoid?

 Why lips crack in winter, how to avoid?

In the winter season, the skin starts to become dry, so if the skin is not moisturized, it starts to crack. The same problem occurs in the skin of our lips. Chapped lips are common in cold weather, which is a problem for many people.

Despite taking various measures to avoid this problem, many times the problem of chapped lips remains. Some people have cracked lips, bleeding, and even have trouble eating.

Why do lips crack in winter?

In winter we drink less water. Due to the lack of water in the body, the lips become dry and crack easily. Since the air is dry in the winter season, the body does not get the moisturizer it gets from the air. Because of this, the lips are more chapped.

Staying in the sun for a long time in winter can also make the lips dry, because the sun's rays remove the moisture from the lips and the lips crack. When the lips are dry in winter, we touch or lick them frequently, due to which the lips become more dry and chapped. Lips can also be chapped if you use sticky or cosmetic products that irritate your lips.

What to do if the lips are cracked?

Use petroleum jelly to soften the lips. By using it, the moisture of the lips is maintained and the lips do not crack.

Lips should be protected from the sun like any other part of the body. Therefore, it is advisable to use a lip balm with SPF. It also provides protection from damage caused by ultraviolet rays.

The skin of the cracked lip should not be scratched. If the lips are chapped, the skin on the lips will look dry. Dead skin on the lips should not be removed by scratching with fingers or nails, doing so may cause injury.

Ways to avoid chapped lips

It is important to keep the body as well as the skin hydrated. Moisturize the skin for hydration, drink enough water. It is necessary to drink at least two to three liters of water a day. Do not touch your lips frequently. Dirty hands can cause infection in the lips. Also, the lips may become more dry.

When the lips become dry, many people move their tongue around the lips. But this should not be done, because doing so will make the lips even more dry.

In winter, lips are affected a lot due to cold wind, sunlight and many other reasons. So before going out you should apply lip balm or any moisturizer on your lips. Before going out in the cold, you should wear a mask to cover your lips.

How to check fresh meat in Dashain?

 How to check fresh meat in Dashain?

Many meat shops in Nepal are not constructed and operated scientifically. Due to carelessness there is a risk of bacterial infection in the consumer, the larvae of lice entering the body and different types of diseases. Therefore, you have to pay special attention to some things when buying meat.

Everyone should consider the danger of getting disease instead of nutrition from meat if they get spoiled meat while buying meat. Therefore, consumers should be aware of these things for healthy meat.

Color: Fresh meat should be dark natural color. For example, beef, pork, and chicken are usually dark red, pink, and white, respectively. However, if the color of the meat is light purple instead of red, it means that it has been exposed to oxygen. But it is not dangerous or harmful.

Smell: This is considered to be the easiest way to check the freshness of meat. Fresh meat does not have any kind of smell. There is no particularly strange smell. Strange odors can often be sour, bleach, ammonia or fishy.

Touch: You can also know the quality of meat by touch. Fresh meat is hard to the touch. To check whether the meat is fresh, you should gently press the meat with your fingers. If the meat is fresh, then after a while the meat will return to its original shape, no fingerprints will remain on the meat. If it is not fresh meat, it will have fingerprints on it. If the meat feels slippery to the touch, it is a sign that the meat is rotten.

Check for excessive 'Drop Loss': Drop loss refers to the liquid material that comes out of the meat due to gravity during storage and handling. If the drop loss of meat is excessive, it indicates that the meat is not fresh.

How to check freshness of fish

Looking at the eyes: The eyes of a fresh fish are clean, shiny and slightly protruding. Stale fish have dull and sunken eyes.

Gills: The gills of fresh fish are dark red or pink in color. It is also non-slippery. If the color of the gills is pale or brown, it is a sign that the fish is old.

Smell: Fresh fish has a slight sea or pond smell. If the fish has a strong smell, it indicates that it is stale.

Vent: The vent of the fish should not protrude. This also indicates that the fish is old.

Meat check: Even fresh fish has tough meat. When it is meat, fingerprints should not remain on it. This also indicates that the fish is stale.

(Rai is a teaching assistant at the Central Technology Campus in Dharan. She has a master's degree in food technology.)

Why do cholesterol patients increase in hospital after Dashain?

Why do cholesterol patients increase in hospital after Dashain?

We understand Dashain as a festival of eating and drinking. That is why Manlagdi is eaten at this time. Fish, meat and alcohol are mandatory during Dashain.

Even those who don't drink at other times drink because it's a festival. Drunkenness was a better excuse. They sit and drink from morning till midnight.

On top of that, Sitan was also wanted. Grilled, fried, spicy, bitter, sour meat. Dalmot, chips. What is the habit of most of them is to take vinegar after drinking alcohol.

Such foods may not have an immediate effect. However, with the onset of winter, the number of patients in the hospital begins to increase. Most of them have cholesterol problems. After all, why did they have bad cholesterol? The uncontrolled eating of the same Dashain is one of the reasons behind this.

What happens when cholesterol increases? Why does it increase? Let's understand it in common language.

Cholesterol is a layer of fat in our body. Cholesterol is necessary for proper blood flow in the blood vessels and the structure of the body's cells. However, if the amount of cholesterol in the blood is more than required, it accumulates in the blood vessels, liver and heart.

Blood collects in the blood vessels and narrows the blood vessels. This is why the blood flow is not good. What this does is increase the risk of stroke, heart attack and heart disease.

This problem is mostly seen in people with heart problems and high blood pressure. However, it does not mean that it is not seen in others.

Cholesterol is such a problem, the early signs of which do not match anything. It suddenly causes problems. Its general symptoms can be seen in anyone. Like white spots appearing around the eyes, black spots appearing on the back of the neck. However, in most cases, this problem is not detected without testing.

When the problem increases, it becomes difficult to handle it. Therefore, it is advisable to find preventive measures before such a problem occurs.

What to do now?

Be alert and take necessary precautions before problems occur. For this, some conditions must be followed.

- Reduce the consumption of red meat. Instead of red meat, white meat and fish can be consumed.

- Do not eat too much ghee, butter, cheese and animal fats.

- Cholesterol contains triglycerides. As carbohydrates increase the amount of triglycerides, eat such foods as little as possible.

- Sugary foods are high in carbohydrates, so eat as little as possible.

- In case of heart disease and high cholesterol level, take related medicine regularly.

- Consuming more fruits and green vegetables than meat.

- Eating less fat and skinned meat.

- Full sleep.

- Don't drink alcohol. Even if you do, consume very little.

Consuming high amounts of fibrous and fiber-rich foods.

Along with diet, you should also pay attention to exercise. At least five days a week you should walk briskly for 30 to 45 minutes.

A medical emergency situation

Eating alcohol and meat indiscriminately increases cholesterol. Apart from that, there are also many people who come to the hospital with a bone stuck in their neck. People are not alert and alert when they are drunk. At that time, when they eat bones with meat, there are many cases of them getting stuck in the throat. This is a medical emergency. In such a situation, if not treated immediately, it can lead to death.

Likewise, people with heart problems, high blood pressure, and those taking blood thinners can also be at risk from uncontrolled eating.