What is the difference between bronchitis and pneumonia?

 What is the difference between bronchitis and pneumonia?

Although both bronchitis and pneumonia are problems related to the lungs, bronchitis affects the airways and pneumonia affects the air cells.

Although both these diseases have similar symptoms like cough, fever and difficulty in breathing, pneumonia can be more serious.

If there is a cough or fever and the chest feels full due to phlegm, this may be a sign of bronchitis or pneumonia. Both of these are problems related to the lungs and their symptoms are similar to each other.

Both these infections affect the breathing process and coughing is common along with severe pain. The fact that the symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia are similar does not mean that these two diseases are the same. There is a very important difference between the two.

What is bronchitis?

Bronchitis is not always due to infection alone; It can also be caused by allergies, dust, smoke, pollution or autoimmune. Therefore, it is wrong to understand it only by connecting it with infection.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes in the lungs. When these tubes swell, their inner lumen narrows, causing difficulty in breathing. In addition, there are symptoms such as continuous coughing, feeling of phlegm in the chest, and a tickling sensation in the throat.

When the mucus gland is active, more phlegm is produced, which aggravates the problem. Bronchitis is of two types—acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term).

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection in the alveoli of the lungs. In this case, liquid or pus can fill inside the alveoli, which hinders oxygen exchange. It is usually caused by a viral, bacterial or fungal infection, not an allergy.

What are the causes of bronchitis and pneumonia?

due to bronchitis

Bronchitis is an infectious condition and many people are affected by it. Usually it is not serious. But chronic bronchitis can gradually reduce lung function and can be life-threatening.

Due to acute bronchitis

Viral infection: Bronchitis caused by a virus causes cough and difficulty in breathing.

Bacterial infection: Bacteria can also cause bronchitis and increase breathing problems.

Fungal infection: Sometimes fungal infection can also cause this problem.

Other causes: Exposure to substances that irritate the lungs such as smoking, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution can also cause bronchitis.

Due to chronic bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is caused by persistent swelling in the airways. This is a form of 'Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease'. According to the US National Institutes of Health, bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucus membrane while pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue, which can be caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection.

due to pneumonia

Pneumonia is caused by a viral, bacterial or fungal infection. In addition, pneumonia can also occur when some harmful substances enter the lungs. When these bacteria or irritants reach the alveoli, pneumonia develops.

Types and causes of pneumonia

Bacterial Pneumonia: The most common type of pneumonia caused by bacteria. Its main type is pneumococcal pneumonia, which is caused by the bacterium Treptococcus pneumoniae.

Viral Pneumonia: Caused by viruses like influenza.

Mycoplasma Pneumonia: It is caused by a microscopic parasite called Mycoplasma, which has some characteristics of both viruses and bacteria.

Fungal Pneumonia: Pneumonia caused by fungal infection.

Symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia

The symptoms of both diseases are similar to a large extent, but some symptoms can help distinguish the difference.

Similar symptoms

- Acute cough and expectoration

- White, green or yellow phlegm

- Fever or chills

- Shortness of breath or wheezing

-Feeling of chest tightness

- Sore throat

More common symptoms of pneumonia

-Discomfort or confusion, especially in elderly people

- Abnormally increased or decreased breathing rate

- Nausea or vomiting

- Loss of appetite

- Chills or muscle aches

Why is it difficult to tell the difference?

The symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia are very similar. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish based on simple symptoms only. Medical examination is necessary for correct diagnosis.

In which case should you consult a doctor immediately?

- Difficulty breathing

- Inability to stop coughing

- High fever

-Symptoms do not improve or recur frequently even after treatment

-Seeing blood in the phlegm

- Acute chest pain

-Feeling extremely weak

- Pre-existing serious illness and increased breathing problems

Breathing problems can quickly become serious, so emergency treatment may be necessary in such cases.

How is bronchitis and pneumonia diagnosed?

The doctor first understands the symptoms, their duration and the patient's health history. Then the stethoscope listens to the sound of the lungs. If necessary, the following tests can be performed.

Sputum Culture: Bacterial infection is detected by testing a sputum sample.

Chest X-ray: Shows the condition of infection in the lungs and helps to differentiate between bronchitis and pneumonia.

Pulse oximetry: The amount of oxygen in the blood is measured.

Pulmonary function test: How much air the lungs can take in and out is checked.

Treatment of bronchitis

Car treatment disease

Depends on the loan. In most cases of acute bronchitis, it is viral, so antibiotics do not work.

- Adequate rest

-Abundant fluid intake

-Fever or pain reliever medicine

- Cough medicine

-Using a humidifier or steam at night

- If the cause is bacteria, the doctor can give antibiotics.

Chronic bronchitis

It may not be completely cured, but the symptoms can be controlled

– Inhaler

-Pulmonary rehabilitation therapy

Medicines to reduce swelling

- Stop smoking completely

Treatment of pneumonia

The treatment of pneumonia depends on its type.

Bacterial pneumonia: Antibiotics

Fungal pneumonia: Antifungal drugs

Viral Pneumonia: Although there is no specific viral drug, treatment is given according to the symptoms.

Also:

-Fever or pain reliever medicine

- Consuming a lot of junk food

- Adequate rest

- Use a humidifier or steam to thin the phlegm

- Stay away from smoking

- In severe cases, hospitalization may be required

How is lung cancer treated? Let's go into detail

 How is lung cancer treated? Let's go into detail

Surgery can be an important treatment when the cancer is confined to the lungs and the patient can tolerate surgery.

Lung cancer may not have symptoms in the early stages, so if you have a cough, chest pain, or blood in your sputum, you should see your doctor.

Lung cancer is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. Since there may be no obvious symptoms in its early stages, many people are diagnosed only after the disease has spread. People who smoke for a long time are especially at risk. However, even non-smokers can get lung cancer. Timely diagnosis of the disease and starting the correct treatment according to the type and condition of cancer is considered very important for the treatment results.

Lung cancer is mainly of two types, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Non-small cell lung cancer is seen relatively more. These two types of cancer may differ in growth, spread and treatment. Therefore, all patients with lung cancer are not treated in the same way.

Why does lung cancer occur?

The most important risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. Consumption of cigarettes, bindis and other tobacco products increases its risk. Second-hand smoke can also increase the risk of living with a smoker for long periods of time.

Similarly, exposure to air pollution, long-term contact with some industrial chemicals, radon gas, and some types of dust or toxic substances in the workplace can also increase the risk. Although the risk increases with age, lung cancer can occur in people of any age.

What are the initial symptoms?

In the early stages of lung cancer, there may be no symptoms. Symptoms may include prolonged coughing, changes in the appearance of an old cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, blood in the sputum, frequent lung infections, changes in voice, abnormal weight loss, loss of appetite, and excessive fatigue.

The presence of any of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that cancer is present. These symptoms can also be seen in many other diseases. But if the symptoms persist for a long time, it is necessary to check with a doctor.

How is cancer diagnosed before treatment?

If lung cancer is suspected, the doctor will conduct necessary tests after obtaining information about the patient's health history, smoking status and symptoms. Usually, imaging tests such as chest X-rays and CT scans can look for abnormal lumps or other changes in the lungs.

But imaging tests alone do not definitively confirm cancer. Biopsy is done if necessary. In this, tissue or cells are removed from the suspicious part and tested in the laboratory.

In some cases, the necessary tissue can be removed by viewing the inside of the trachea and lungs through bronchoscopy. In some cases, a sample is taken from the lung nodule through a needle. Sputum cytology can also be done to see if there are cancer cells in the stool.

Why is it important to find out the stage of cancer?

The next important step after cancer is confirmed is staging. That is, how big the cancer is, whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes and whether it has reached other parts of the body is found out.

For this, tests such as CT scan, PET scan, MRI of the brain can be done as needed. Knowing the stage of cancer makes it easier to plan the right treatment.

Generally, lung cancer is classified into different stages from early stage to advanced stage. In the early stages, the cancer may be limited to the lungs, while in the advanced stage, it may spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body.

Why are biomarker and gene testing important?

Especially in non-small cell lung cancer, molecular or biomarker tests can be important in choosing treatment. Cancer cells can be tested for certain gene changes such as EGFR, ALK, ROS, BRAF, KRAS, MET, RET, and NTRK. Similarly, in some cases, biomarkers such as PD-L1 are also tested.

Such tests help the doctor to decide which of the targeted drugs or immunotherapy might be useful. So just knowing the name of the cancer is not enough when the cancer is confirmed; It may also be important to understand its biological characteristics.

How is lung cancer treated?

Lung cancer treatment is not the same for all patients. Treatment is selected based on the type of cancer, stage, gene mutation, tumor location, patient's age, lung function and overall health.

1. Surgery

Surgery can be an important treatment when the cancer is confined to the lungs and the patient can tolerate surgery. In surgery, the cancerous part is removed.

Wedge resection or segmentectomy can be done in small tumors. A lobectomy is performed in cases where the entire lobe with cancer needs to be removed. In special circumstances, pneumonectomy is performed when the entire lung needs to be removed. During surgery, nearby lymph nodes can also be removed to check if the cancer has spread.

2. Chemotherapy

In chemotherapy, drugs are used to stop or destroy the growth of cancer cells. Medicines are usually given intravenously, but some medicines can also be taken orally are Chemotherapy may be used to reduce the size of the tumor before surgery or to destroy cancer cells that may remain in the body after surgery. In advanced cases, it is also used to control the growth of the disease and reduce the symptoms.

Side effects such as fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, hair loss and decrease in the number of blood cells may occur during chemotherapy. But not all side effects are seen in all patients and many can be controlled with medication and other supportive treatments.

3. Radiation therapy

In radiation therapy, an attempt is made to destroy or control cancer cells by targeting high-energy rays at the cancerous part. It can be used before or after surgery. Radiation may be the main treatment for some early cancers that cannot be operated on. In advanced cases, radiation can also be used to reduce pain, bleeding, or other symptoms caused by the spread of cancer.

4. Stereotactic body radiotherapy

Stereotactic body radiotherapy is a very precise technique of radiation therapy. In this, a high dose of radiation is targeted at a specific location with a small tumor and an attempt is made to protect the surrounding healthy tissue as much as possible. This treatment may be useful in some early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients who cannot undergo surgery.

5. Targeted drug therapy

Targeted therapy can be used if certain gene changes or other specific biological changes are found in cancer cells. Its purpose is to target specific processes that cause cancer to grow compared to normal cells. But targeted drugs are not effective for all patients who do not have gene changes. Therefore, it is important to test the necessary biomarkers before treatment.

6. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps the body's immune system to work effectively against cancer cells. In some types of advanced lung cancer, immunotherapy may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy. The doctor decides which patient to give this treatment based on the type of cancer, stage and necessary biomarker tests.

7. Supportive care is also important during treatment

Cancer treatment is not only about removing the tumor or stopping the growth of cancer. Management of problems such as pain, difficulty breathing, nausea, loss of appetite, weakness and mental stress during treatment is also important.

This is called supportive or palliative care. Such care can be initiated not only at the end of treatment but also as needed along with cancer treatment. Its purpose is to improve the patient's quality of life and control symptoms.

Why is regular follow-up necessary after treatment?

Even after the treatment is completed, regular follow-up is necessary. The doctor can perform a physical examination, necessary imaging and other tests based on the patient's condition. From this, it can be evaluated whether the cancer has reappeared, whether the treatment has long-term effects, and whether additional treatment is necessary.

What can be done to prevent lung cancer?

Not all lung cancer risks can be prevented, but many significant risks can be reduced. One of the most important steps a smoker can take is to quit smoking. Stay away from other people's smoke as much as possible.

People who come into contact with dust, chemicals or other hazardous substances in the workplace must use the necessary protective equipment. In case of high air pollution, it is also useful to take measures to reduce the risk.

Treatment is not the same for everyone

The treatment of lung cancer is now more developed than ever before. New treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, along with targeted drugs and immunotherapy, have expanded treatment options for many patients. But the treatment is not the same for all patients. Based on the type of cancer, stage, biomarkers, patient's health condition and response to treatment, the expert doctor decides the treatment plan.

Therefore, symptoms such as prolonged coughing, blood in the sputum, chest pain, difficulty in breathing or weight loss without any reason should not be ignored. Medical examination should be done on time.

Why eat light food in July? Such is the advice of Ayurveda

 Why eat light food in July? Such is the advice of Ayurveda

According to Ayurveda, since the digestive power is weak during the rainy season, health experts have suggested eating light, fresh and sattvic food in the month of July.

The month of July is considered special for religious faith, fasting and Shiva worship. But according to Ayurveda, its importance is not limited to religious aspects only. It is advised to eat light, fresh and sattvic food keeping in mind the biological changes in the body during the monsoon month of July.

Ayurveda has explained this season as a time when the risk of disease increases in the body. It is said that due to excessive humidity in the environment, low sunlight, fluctuations in temperature and the digestive system is weakened due to contaminated water and food, special care should be taken in eating.

Why is the digestive power weak?

According to Ayurveda, the whole health of our body depends on 'Jatharagni' i.e. digestive power. During rainy season, due to increase in humidity in the environment, change in body temperature and changes in daily lifestyle, this digestive fire naturally slows down.

When the digestive power is weak, the food eaten cannot be digested properly, which causes the body to produce common 'undigested toxins'. Ayurveda considers this mango as the main cause of many diseases.

For this reason, excessive oil, ghee, spices, red meat, fast food and many starchy foods are difficult to digest. If you eat such food regularly, you may experience problems such as heaviness in the stomach, increased gas, acidity, constipation, indigestion, stomach ache, nausea and feeling lethargic.

Imbalance comes in Tridosha

According to Ayurveda, the body operates in the balance of three doshas: Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Vata dosha is especially likely to increase during rainy season and pitta dosha becomes unbalanced. It can cause joint pain, flatulence, acidity, skin problems, headache, fatigue and various digestive problems.

In addition, health experts say that the growth of bacteria, viruses and fungi is faster during the rainy season, so the risk of diarrhoea, food poisoning, typhoid, cholera and other infections also increases. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to the quality, cleanliness and freshness of food during this season.

What kind of food is suitable in July?

Ayurveda recommends eating sattvic, fresh and easily digestible food in Sauna. Sattvic food not only provides the necessary nutrition to the body, but also does not burden the digestive system unnecessarily.

During this period, it is considered beneficial to consume freshly cooked pulses, rice, roti, green vegetables, gourds, parsley, giraunla, parval, parsley, seasonal fruits, semolina instead of curd, hot soup, porridge, khichdi and enough boiled or safe drinking water. It is better to cook food fresh, using less oil and less spices.

Also, using natural spices like ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, fenugreek, black pepper in limited quantities can help improve digestion.

What foods to stay away from?

Ayurveda advises to avoid stale food, highly spicy food, highly starchy food, highly greasy food, junk food, cold drinks, excessive sweets and food made in unhygienic places as much as possible. Such foods can create more pressure on an already weakened digestive system.

Health benefits of sattvic food

Light and sattvic food relaxes the digestive system and also provides the necessary energy to the body. As such food keeps the stomach light, laziness and lethargy are reduced, the body remains active throughout the day and mental freshness is also maintained.

Since immunity is weakened during rainy season, sattvic diet can help in strengthening the immune system. Also, Ayurveda believes in helping the detox process naturally without allowing unnecessary toxins to accumulate in the body.

Positive effects on mental health as well

Ayurveda links sattvic food not only with physical health, but also mentions that it has a positive effect on mental health. A light and balanced diet is believed to help calm the mind, reduce stress and help focus. That is why sattvik food is especially associated with worship, meditation, chanting and spiritual practice during the month of Saun.

These habits should also be adopted to stay healthy

In July, it is necessary to pay attention to lifestyle along with diet. Eating on time, not eating too much, getting enough sleep, regular light exercise or yoga, drinking clean and boiled water, not eating stale food and paying attention to personal hygiene can prevent many health problems during rainy season.

Overall, the tradition of eating light and sattvic food in Saun is deeply connected not only to religious beliefs but also to health protection. According to Ayurveda, it is best to choose light, fresh and nutritious food as the digestive power of the body is weak during rainy season.

In addition to keeping the digestive system healthy, it can play an important role in reducing the risk of infection, strengthening immunity, maintaining mental peace and improving overall health.

Why is the coordination of science, spirituality, and human consciousness necessary in education?

 Why is the coordination of science, spirituality, and human consciousness necessary in education?

We have a rich Eastern knowledge tradition, but the ability to communicate with modern science is also developing.

Why is the coordination of science, spirituality, and human consciousness necessary in education?

It is essential to include the human and psychological aspects in health education, including palliative care and the experience of the last stages of life.

Nepal's education system is currently at a critical juncture of change. Artificial intelligence, biotechnology, neuroscience, mental health, and global social change have changed the situation. Education can no longer be just a means of passing exams, getting jobs, or teaching technical skills.

Today's generation needs not only knowledge, but also the ability to understand life, mental strength, moral decision-making ability, compassion, self-discipline, and the skill of remaining balanced in uncertain situations.

Many countries around the world have begun to recognize this need. Mindfulness, stress management, socio-emotional learning, palliative care, positive psychology, end-of-life care, and consciousness-related studies are gradually expanding in schools and universities. Modern science is also studying the relationship between the body, brain, emotions, and behavior in greater depth than ever before.

In such a situation, an important question arises—can Nepal develop an education system that establishes a balanced dialogue between its own knowledge tradition and modern science?

Nepal is not only a country of mountains and natural beauty; it is also an important center of Vedic, Upanishadic, Yogic, and Buddhist knowledge traditions. Thousands of years ago, sages and sages deeply pondered on the fundamental questions of human life, nature, consciousness, health, ethics, and the universe.

The ideas developed in the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, Patanjali Yoga Sutras, Ayurveda, and other ancient texts about the body, mind, breath, self-discipline, meditation, compassion, life, and death have enriched the knowledge tradition. These texts are still studied today as important sources for understanding the development of philosophy, history, culture, and human thought.

Similarly, yoga is not just a method of physical exercise; it has traditionally been interpreted as a holistic way of life that disciplines the body, mind, and behavior. Practices such as pranayama, meditation, introspection, restraint, and compassion emphasize the inner development of the individual. Modern science has begun to study some aspects of these practices—especially meditation, mindfulness, and controlled breathing exercises—and the potential health effects of these practices. While positive evidence has been found in some areas, many questions are still the subject of research.

Therefore, the need today is not to accept ancient knowledge as superstition or to completely reject it in the name of modern science. What is needed is to conduct critical and evidence-based studies of these knowledge traditions in dialogue with history, philosophy, culture, and contemporary scientific research. It is necessary to creatively connect the wealth of knowledge developed by the sages and sages with modern research, neuroscience, psychology, medical science, and pedagogy. If this can be done, it will give a new direction to the national education system and create the possibility of establishing Nepal's unique identity in the global knowledge community.

This does not mean making religious/religious education mandatory in the curriculum. Nor does it mean presenting any religious or spiritual belief as scientific truth. Rather, it is about creating an environment where the various perspectives that human civilization has developed on life, health, consciousness, and death are studied based on evidence, history, philosophy, and critical thinking.

For example, thousands of scientific studies have been published on meditation and controlled breathing exercises in the last three decades. Some studies have shown that regular meditation practice can help reduce stress, anxiety, and emotional imbalance. There is also increasing evidence that controlled breathing exercises can have a positive effect on the autonomic nervous system, heart rate variability, and physical responses to stress. However, not all claims of all types of yoga or pranayama have been scientifically confirmed.

Therefore, where the evidence is strong, it should be taught based on evidence; where research is ongoing, it should be presented as a subject of open research.

Another important aspect is health education. Today, most students studying medicine, nursing, pharmacy, public health, physiotherapy, etc. receive education focused on the diagnosis, treatment and life-saving skills of disease. This is very necessary. But not every treatment is successful, and every human life ends in death one day. Therefore, future health workers need to understand death not only as a biological event, but also as a deeply human, psychological, social and cultural experience for the patient and his family.

In many universities around the world, subjects such as palliative care, grief management, sensitive communication with patients, end-of-life decisions and death studies are gradually being made an important part of health education. It is time for Nepal to think about including such subjects according to its own cultural context.

Similarly, the body is not only a biological structure that can get sick It is not enough to understand only the brain. Science has proven that thousands of biochemical reactions are taking place inside the body every moment. Chemicals like dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, endorphins, cortisol, melatonin affect our emotions, thinking, memory, sleep, immune system and behavior.

Nutrition, exercise, sleep, stress, social relationships and lifestyle also affect these biochemical processes. This is why the concept of ‘holistic health’ is becoming important again in health science today.

Eastern yoga and meditation traditions have also emphasized breathing, self-discipline, diet, meditation and mental balance for thousands of years. The relationship between modern science and these traditions is not yet fully established, but the field of dialogue and research is expanding rapidly. Nepalese students should have the opportunity to study both sides from a critical, evidence-based and open perspective.

Another interesting topic is consciousness. Modern neuroscience is studying the brain processes related to consciousness, while philosophy, psychology, Vedanta, and Buddhist thought offer different explanations about the nature of consciousness. So far, a complete scientific explanation of consciousness is not available. For this reason, consciousness studies are developing as an interdisciplinary research field in prestigious universities around the world. Nepal can also explore the possibilities of research, dialogue, and educational development in this area.

Some may understand such a proposal as an attempt to expand religious education. But that is not the real purpose. The basis of the education system should always be the scientific method, critical thinking, evaluation of evidence, and intellectual freedom. No philosophical or spiritual concept should be studied as the ultimate truth, but as ideas developed by human civilization. Similarly, claims that are not confirmed by science should not be presented as scientific facts. This balance makes the education system credible.

Nepal has a rare opportunity. We have a rich Eastern knowledge tradition, but the ability to communicate with modern science is also developing. If these two can be connected on the basis of research, evidence, philosophy and critical thinking, Nepal can present a new educational model not only for its students, but also for the world.

The education of the future should not be just a means of producing good engineers, doctors, teachers or administrators. It should produce citizens who are scientifically minded, culturally aware, mentally strong, compassionate and able to maturely engage with the complex questions of life.

Education should teach technology, but also self-discipline. It should teach science, but also ethics. It should teach research, but also compassion. And along with preparation for life, it should also develop the ability to understand the final journey of life with dignity.

Where the ultimate goal of education is not just to produce successful professionals, but to produce holistically developed, responsible and humane citizens.

Why is genetic testing necessary during pregnancy? Who should get it done, when?

 Why is genetic testing necessary during pregnancy? Who should get it done, when?

Genetic testing is not something to be afraid of. Its purpose is to identify whether the child has any genetic problems in a timely manner.

According to pediatrician and genetic specialist Dr. Surbhi Aryal, although genetic testing is not necessary for everyone during pregnancy, it is considered very important in special situations.

It is natural for parents to have many questions and concerns about the health of the baby during pregnancy. In particular, whether the child has any congenital or hereditary problems has become a matter of interest for many.

In recent years, access to genetic testing has been expanding in Nepal as well, which has made it possible to identify some serious diseases in the womb. Who needs genetic testing? How much does family history affect? ​​When and which tests are performed? Is the test safe or not? And what options are available to parents if a problem is found in the test?

Pediatrician and genetic specialist Dr. A detailed conversation with Surbhi Aryal:

Should all women undergo genetic testing during pregnancy or is it only recommended for special situations?

Not all pregnant women need genetic testing. But in some special cases, it may be necessary if the doctor recommends it. For example, if the pregnant woman is over 35 years old, has had a genetic disease in a previous child, has a history of hereditary diseases in family members, or is suspected of having a genetic problem, then testing may be necessary.

Similarly, if a dual marker or quadruple marker test shows a risk, further confirmatory testing is required. In some cases, even if both parents are ‘carriers’ of a disease, testing of the unborn child is necessary. For example, if both husband and wife are carriers of thalassemia, special testing is done because there is a possibility of passing the disease on to the child.

How much does family history increase the risk of a genetic disease in an unborn child?

Family history is considered very important in genetics. Many genetic diseases are hereditary, so if someone in the family has the condition, the baby may also be at risk.

For example, some diseases, such as hemophilia or Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are X-linked, which means they are usually passed down from the mother's side. If a pregnant woman has a history of these diseases in her siblings or maternal grandparents, she should definitely tell her doctor.

Thalassemia, spinal muscular atrophy, and many other diseases can also cause the disease in her child if the parents are carriers. Therefore, it is important to be open about your family health history with your doctor during your prenatal check-up.

When is the best time to have genetic testing?

Different tests have different times.

NT scan: Between 11-13 weeks

Dual marker test: In the first trimester

Quadruple test: Up to about 20 weeks

NIPT: After 10 weeks

Chorionic villus sampling: At 12-13 weeks

Amniocentesis: After 14-15 weeks

When is the most appropriate test to perform?

Which tests are done depends on the age of the fetus, risk factors, and medical needs.

Which diseases can be detected through genetic testing?

Genetic testing helps identify many types of hereditary and chromosomal diseases. Down syndrome is one of the most commonly tested diseases. In addition, trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and other chromosomal problems can also be detected.

If there is a history of a specific genetic disease in the family or if the parents are carriers, monogenic diseases can also be identified through gene testing. Current technology has developed the ability to detect many types of genetic diseases during pregnancy.

How safe are these tests during pregnancy?

Many parents worry about whether genetic testing will affect the baby or the mother. But most tests are safe. Ultrasound and screening tests using maternal blood do not harm the mother or the baby. They are considered completely safe.

Invasive tests such as CVS or amniocentesis may have a small risk because they use needles. However, the risk is very low when performed by an experienced specialist. If the doctor recommends it, there is no need to be afraid.

What options do parents have if a problem is found in the test?

If the test shows a genetic problem in the baby, the first thing to do is to consult a geneticist, genetic counselor or pediatrician to understand the nature, severity and future of the disease.

Every disease is different. In some cases, special monitoring, additional tests or a plan to deliver in a special health facility may be made.

In some serious diseases, the baby's life expectancy may be very low. In such cases, a decision can be made about the available options with the advice of a specialist.

Is treatment possible after genetic diseases are detected in the womb?

Most genetic diseases are not curable by taking medicines like other diseases. In such cases, the main focus is on supportive therapy, rehabilitation services, regular monitoring and long-term management. Therefore, early detection of the disease is the most important aspect.

What is the access and cost of genetic testing in Nepal?

Until a few years ago, samples had to be sent abroad for many genetic tests. It was a situation where there was no such thing as a genetic test. Now, dual marker, quadruple test, NIPT and many invasive tests are available in Nepal.

However, these services are mainly concentrated in urban areas. They are yet to be expanded to rural areas. When it comes to cost, not all tests are very expensive. Some screening tests start at around Rs. 5,000, while some complex tests may cost more. Therefore, the idea that ‘genetic testing is very expensive’ is not entirely correct.

Does the risk of genetic diseases increase as the mother ages?

As a woman ages, the chances of changes in the chromosomes in the egg increase. This may also increase the risk of chromosomal problems in the child.

Especially when pregnant at the age of 35 or above, the chances of Down syndrome, trisomy and other chromosomal abnormalities are relatively high, so doctors recommend additional tests in such cases.

What are the common misconceptions or misconceptions about genetic testing?

There are still some misconceptions in society about genetic testing. First, the idea that ‘if no one in the family has a genetic disease, the child will not have it either’. In fact, not all genetic diseases are hereditary. Some can even appear in new forms.

Second, the misconception that ‘genetic testing is a test to distinguish between sons and daughters’. Its main purpose is to identify whether a baby has a genetic disease, not to determine gender.

Third, the idea that ‘this test is too expensive for ordinary people to get it done’. Not all tests are expensive and are recommended only according to medical necessity.

How do you see the future of genetic services in Nepal?

The future of genetic services in Nepal is very promising. The services currently available need to be expanded to rural areas, not limited to urban areas.

This requires skilled manpower, infrastructure, and government investment. Over time, this service is likely to become an important part of basic health care.

Finally, what is your message to parents?

Genetic testing is not something to be afraid of. The aim is to identify the child early if there is a genetic problem. If the doctor has advised screening or confirmatory testing, then you should do it with confidence.

If the disease is identified early, it is easier to provide the necessary counseling, planning, and management. Therefore, it is wise to prioritize the doctor's advice without getting confused.

Hantavirus: Why is a dangerous infection with a mortality rate of up to 50 percent in the news now?

 Hantavirus: Why is a dangerous infection with a mortality rate of up to 50 percent in the news now?

Hantavirus is not usually transmitted from one person to another. However, in the case of the Andean species of hantavirus found in South America, a few cases of human-to-human transmission have been recorded.

Hantavirus is a very deadly ‘zoonotic’ virus that can become a global health challenge at any time. This virus, which is mainly transmitted to humans from rodents, causes serious damage to the lungs and heart if infected. After its sudden outbreak on a cruise ship operating in the Atlantic Ocean, it has become a topic of renewed discussion and concern among health experts and the general public around the world.

What is Hantavirus?

Hantavirus is a group of viruses belonging to the ‘Bunyaviridae’ family. It is named after the ‘Hantan’ river in South Korea, where it was first identified in 1978.

So far, scientists have discovered more than 20 species of it in different parts of the world, which affect human health in different ways.

Based on their effects and geographical presence, hantaviruses are mainly classified into two categories. The New World hantavirus species, found mainly in the American continent, causes ‘Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome’ (HPS) or ‘Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome’ (HCPS). This causes serious damage to the human respiratory system and heart function.

Similarly, the Old World hantavirus species, which is more active in Europe, Asia and Africa, causes ‘Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome’ (HFRS). This type of infection has a risk of direct and fatal effects on the human kidneys.

Recent Outbreak: Hantavirus Scare on Cruise Ships

The main reason why Hantavirus has recently become the focus of international media attention is the sudden outbreak on the MV Hondius cruise ship operating in the Atlantic Ocean. The ship, operated by the Dutch Oceanwide Expeditions company, departed Argentina on April 1. The health crisis on the ship, which is on a tour of remote islands such as Antarctica, South Georgia and Tristan da Cunha, has caught the attention of the world.

According to the latest report from the World Health Organization, seven of the 147 passengers and crew members on board the ship have been confirmed or suspected to be infected with Hantavirus. Three of the infected have died, while one is still receiving treatment in a serious condition. The other three have shown mild symptoms.

The deceased include a German citizen and a Dutch couple. According to the information received, the husband of the Dutch couple died on the ship on April 11, while the wife died in a hospital in South Africa on April 26. This tragic incident has sparked a new debate about the risk of the virus in closed environments such as cruise ships.

Source of infection and transmission

The main source of infection with Hantavirus is rodents. The virus is mainly transmitted to humans through the urine, feces or saliva of rats. When a person breathes in an area contaminated with rat feces, tiny particles of the virus mixed in the air directly enter the respiratory system. This is the most common and major route of infection. In addition, the virus can also enter the body when a rat bites, eats food contaminated with the virus, or touches a contaminated surface and then touches the eyes, nose or mouth with the same hand.

Hantavirus is not usually transmitted from one person to another. However, limited human-to-human transmission of the Andean hantavirus, a strain found in South America, has been recorded. According to the World Health Organization, such transmission is likely to occur through very close and prolonged physical contact.

The current outbreak on the MV Hondius cruise ship is also suspected to have involved human-to-human transmission. Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove, WHO’s director of pandemic preparedness and response, said that the possibility of human-to-human transmission cannot be completely ruled out, as some of the infected people appeared to have had very close contact. However, she urged people not to be overly concerned, saying that the virus is not as easily airborne as flu or COVID-19 and that the risk to the general public is not currently high.

Treatment and prevention

There is no specific drug or specific vaccine developed to protect against hantavirus infection. Therefore, supportive care in hospitals remains the only option to save infected people. If the patient's condition is serious, they are placed in the intensive care unit (ICU) and oxygen therapy and ventilators are used to facilitate the respiratory process.

Since this virus is transmitted by rodents, the best way to avoid it is to avoid contact with rats. Proper arrangements should be made to prevent rats from entering your home, workplace or storage rooms.

Special care should be taken when cleaning areas that may have rat droppings. To prevent dust from flying in such areas, instead of sweeping the floor, only damp cleaning should be done using a disinfectant solution or bleach. The mandatory use of masks and gloves during such cleaning can prevent virus particles from entering the body.

In addition, Squirrels should always be kept in a secure container out of the reach of rodents. People who live or work outdoors or near forests need to pay extra attention to the cleanliness of their surroundings. In unusual circumstances, it is wise to maintain personal hygiene and social distancing, while fully following the instructions of health authorities. Since there is no cure for Hantavirus, awareness and caution are the strongest weapons in the fight against this deadly infection.

How at risk is Nepal from the Hanta virus that has swept the world?

 How at risk is Nepal from the Hanta virus that has swept the world?

Since the initial symptoms of many infectious diseases are very similar to each other, laboratory tests are helpful in distinguishing the infection.

According to the World Health Organization, 3 out of 8 people have died from Hanta virus seen on a cruise ship.

Although Hanta virus is transmitted through the feces, urine or saliva of infected rats, it has been confirmed that the 'Andean' species can be transmitted from person to person.

Nepal is at risk of Hanta virus, but even if it has not been confirmed as an outbreak, regular testing and research are necessary.

Recently, the Hanta virus seen on a cruise ship has swept the world. According to the information published by the World Health Organization a few days ago (on May 8), 3 out of 8 people have died.

That is, about 38 percent of the infected have died. This human-to-human transmission is considered very rare, but currently, dozens of cases on cruise ships have become a matter of concern and interest.

At the time of writing, the main source of infection is unknown. Information on the circumstances under which it spread from person to person is yet to be released.

Hantavirus can be transmitted to humans through contact with the feces, urine, or saliva of infected rats. Even if an infected rat does not show symptoms, it can still cause death if it infects humans.

The mortality rate of the Hantavirus strain seen in the Americas is many times higher than that of the Hantavirus strain seen in Europe and Asia, which is about 50 percent. Recently, a cruise ship has seen a mortality rate of about 38 percent. The World Health Organization has reported that the mortality rate of the Hantavirus strain seen in Europe and Asia is up to 15 percent.

Although Hantavirus is said to be transmitted only through the feces, urine, or saliva of infected rats, the ‘Andean’ strain of Hantavirus can be transmitted from person to person to some extent.

The Hantavirus strain currently circulating on cruise ships has also been confirmed by gene sequencing to be ‘Andean’. Hantavirus is mainly divided into two types based on symptoms, which also vary according to geographical location.

First, Hanta pulmonary syndrome and second, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

Hanta pulmonary syndrome is mainly seen in the Americas, while hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Hantavirus are seen in Europe and Asia.

Hanta pulmonary syndrome is characterized by symptoms such as fever, chills and dizziness, muscle pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, and low blood pressure. If it becomes complicated, coughing, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and pneumonia may occur.

These symptoms may appear within one to six weeks of infection.

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Hanta virus causes chills, stomach pain, headache, nausea, blurred vision, red eyes, and later complications, bleeding, and there is a risk of kidney failure.

These symptoms appear one to two weeks after infection, and sometimes up to 8 weeks. This Hanta virus is seen in Asia, especially in countries like China, Korea, Japan, and Russia. Research articles have also been published that Hanta virus has been seen in neighboring India. But there is no information that it has taken the form of a major outbreak.

Is there a risk of Hanta virus in Nepal?

Hanta virus is transmitted when it comes into contact with rat feces, urine, or saliva. Rats are seen in significant numbers in all villages and cities in Nepal.

The number of people who come to Teku Hospital for treatment of rat bites is also high. Most people with such problems do not come to the hospital. There is a lot of contact between humans and rats in Nepal too.

Hundreds of scrub typhus cases are reported in Nepal every year. The main source of scrub typhus infection is the mite found in rats. This also clearly shows that the risk of any infection that can be spread by rats in Nepal is high.

Hanta virus is no exception. In 2017, a tourist fell ill and was admitted to the ICU immediately after returning to his country after visiting Nepal. A research article was published stating that the person had been diagnosed with hanta virus. This was published in an American medical journal in 2020.

This also indicates that the risk of hanta virus is present in Nepal.

However, as in India, there is no confirmation of an outbreak in Nepal yet. Since this infection is not included in routine laboratory tests, we are unaware of the status of hanta virus in Nepal.

Blood tests of tourists infected with hanta virus in Nepal show a decrease in platelet count and an increase in liver enzymes, which the author has experienced is also widely seen in fever patients in Nepal.

However, the possibility of Hantavirus seems to be overlooked when sending for diagnostic tests for limited infections. Since a large number of fever patients are still not diagnosed in Nepal, there is a need to increase the scope of testing.

In the case of a new infection or a first-time infection, testing for that infection should also be included in routine testing. Since the initial symptoms of many infectious diseases are very similar to each other, laboratory testing is helpful in distinguishing infections. Only if the infection is diagnosed can treatment, prevention, and counseling be correct.

Currently, the World Health Organization has stated that the risk of further spread of this virus is low. However, the number of infections on a cruise ship at the same time is so high. And as the problem becomes more complicated and the mortality rate is higher, it cannot be ruled out that the contagiousness and lethality of this virus has increased compared to the past.

Nepal cannot completely ignore the risk of the virus, given the confirmed research on this virus and the frequent contact with rats, which is considered the source of the virus.

If national guidelines were developed in Nepal, prioritizing research on Hanta virus, it would be useful for health workers in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Why does Google Maps consume so much battery? This is the new power saving mode that saves battery for up to 4 hours

 Why does Google Maps consume so much battery? This is the new power saving mode that saves battery for up to 4 hours

In this era, smartphones are no longer just a means of communication for us, they have also become an integral part of our journey. Whether traveling to unfamiliar places or short distances within the city, we often depend on Google Maps.

But one of the bitter truths of using Maps is that it consumes the phone's battery at a very fast rate. Using Maps while going on a long journey or when there is no charging facility is like pushing the phone to the brink of death.

To solve this serious problem, Google has introduced a new power saving mode in its navigation service. As claimed, this feature can increase the battery life of smartphones by up to four hours.

But as attractive as this feature looks, some of the conditions or limitations that come with it are equally challenging. Today, we are discussing in detail about this new feature of Google Maps, how it works and the impact it has on the user.

Why does Google Maps consume so much battery?

There are many technical reasons behind Google Maps consuming battery. The first and main reason is the constant GPS tracking. Every second, the phone has to constantly communicate with satellites to determine your geographical location. This never lets the phone's processor rest.

The second reason is real-time data streaming. Maps doesn't just show the route, it also downloads real-time road speeds, accident information, and traffic congestion details based on data from millions of other drivers. Using machine learning, it constantly calculates the estimated time of arrival (ETA) to your destination and alternative routes.

The third and most visible reason is the bright screen. In daylight, the phone's screen needs to be run at full brightness to see the road clearly. Full-color maps, 3D buildings, and constantly changing scenes put a lot of strain on both the phone's processor and display. All these factors together can make even a phone with a large battery die before it can be fully charged.

New Power Saving Mode

This new mode recently introduced by Google is specifically aimed at users who are on long-distance trips and do not have the option of charging their phones. This feature minimizes unnecessary and energy-consuming visuals without removing basic information needed for navigation.

Technically speaking, this mode uses the phone's Always On Display technology. When you turn on this mode and press the phone's power button while navigation is active, the phone's screen turns into a monochrome, i.e. black and white interface, instead of turning off completely. This saves a lot of battery, especially on phones with OLED displays. Because the phone's pixels do not have to light up to display black.

Limited to the Pixel 10 series

One downside for now is that this feature is not available to all Android users. Google has limited this feature to its new models Pixel 10, Pixel 10 Pro, Pixel 10 Pro XL and Pixel 10 Pro Fold for now. These phones use Google's new Tensor G-5 chipset. Which can handle such complex tasks in a way that consumes less energy.

Although this feature has been rolling out since last year, it has not yet reached other older Pixel models or phones from other brands like Samsung and Xiaomi. However, Google is expected to gradually make it widespread.

How to activate this mode?

If you have a Pixel 10 series phone, you will have to adjust this feature from the internal settings of Google Maps. To do this, first open the Google Maps app.

Tap on your profile picture in the upper right corner. Now select the Settings option and go to the Navigation settings.

You will see a toggle button for Power Saving Mode within the Driving options there, turn it on.

Once this setting is turned on, you just have to press the power button when you start your journey. After doing this, the main navigation information will start appearing on your phone's lock screen.

Effects of turning on power saving mode

While this mode is said to save battery, it may not always be useful for everyone. Google has removed many important features of Maps in this mode to save battery. Normally, Maps shows red if there is traffic jam, yellow if there is moderate traffic, and green if there is clear traffic.

However, this color-coded information is not available in power saving mode. You will not get visual alerts about accidents, construction work, or sudden jams on the road.

Similarly, this mode removes 3D buildings, detailed street names, and complex map layers. Only a simple black and white line appears on the screen and an indication of where your next turn is.

Where is the gas station in the middle of a trip? Where is the nearest restaurant or coffee shop? Such details are not visible in this mode. If you want to eat or fill up on gas along the way, you'll have to turn this feature off and return to the normal map.

Many drivers prefer to keep their phones in a horizontal position on the dashboard of their car. However, this power saving mode only works in portrait mode. This makes it difficult for those using the landscape mount. This can be inconvenient for some.

Surprisingly, this feature only works when you are driving. This mode does not work if you are walking, cycling or on public transport. While pedestrians may need more battery life.

In what situations does it work?

This mode seems to be designed by Google as an emergency tool rather than a default setting. Imagine, you are on a long road trip and your car's mobile charger suddenly breaks down.

Your phone has only 10 percent charge left and the destination is still far away. In such a situation, this mode can keep your phone alive for an additional 4 hours. It helps you reach your destination without getting lost. But it does not provide other features on the road.

So, using this mode on short daily trips or when there is a phone charging facility does not make much sense. It keeps you away from the real road conditions, which can sometimes be risky from a safety point of view.