Five standards, which show that a child is developing correctly

 Five standards, which show that a child is developing correctly

The dimensions of the child's development are mainly of five types. Anil Ojha says.

He says, 'The first basis to see whether a child's development has taken place in the right way or not is his physical development. At what age does the child sit, at what age does it start walking etc. A child had to start walking in one year. There was no problem when I started walking after two or four months. However, if he does not start walking even after that, the parents should be aware that his development has not taken place properly.

The development of another language is equally important. Children start speaking from the age of one year. Ojha says that if they give examples of mother, father or any other word, it should be understood that their language has developed well. He says, "If a child does not speak even until the age of two, and even when speaking, they do not make clear examples of words, then it should be understood that their language development has not been done properly."

According to Ojha, a child's social and emotional development should also be accompanied by age. Like a one-year-old child should be loved by the mother rather than kissing the child on the cheek. I had to clap instead of clapping.

If a child uses his hands, fingers, wrists and muscles to grasp something, it is called 'fine motor skill'. Through these skills, children learn to coordinate their eyes, hands, fingers and wrists. This is important for two- to five-year-old children, says Ojha. This skill should be developed at the age of 2 to 5 years. With its help, children learn to hold things, write, understand etc.'

The intellectual development of a child according to age is equally important. A one-year-old child starts looking for hidden things. If he shows curiosity about something, it should be understood that his intellectual development is also going well. However, Ojha said that if these five skills are not developed in a child, then his development is considered to be delayed.

What should be the weight and height according to the child's age?

If the weight and height of the children are according to their age, it can be understood that the child is healthy and the diet they are getting is good. Developmental pediatrician Dr. Ojha says that age and weight gain is a normal and necessary process as children grow.

He says that a child's weight at birth is 3 kg, but at 6 months, his weight doubles to 6 kg. When a child is born, its height is about 50 cm, and in one year it is 75 cm.

A 5-year-old child should weigh around 17.9 kg. He said that at this age, it is considered healthy for a child to have an average height of 42.5 inches.

If children's height and weight are not developing according to their age, then it should be understood that something is lacking somewhere. A doctor's advice should be taken for this.'' says Ojha.

Until what age does the child's physical development accelerate?

In the first year, the child's physical development is very rapid. Ojha said that physical development happens with the age of the child. However, even in a year, the speed will decrease. The child's mental development is very rapid in the first two to three years.

Special attention should be paid to the diet of the child during this age period

Special attention should be paid to the diet of children in the age group of two to three years. Proper nutrition is a solid foundation for a child's good health and development. Ojha said that children who have good nutrition can learn and grow well.

"Even if only mother's milk is enough for 6 months, from 6 months, you should start eating semi-solid foods such as pulses, jalous, fruit juice, litho." It should be taken.'

If the child is not growing properly, is under-age or abnormally large, the cause should be sought

If the child is not growing properly for its age, is small or abnormally large, it may be due to genetics. Some children look young till 11-12 years old but can grow rapidly in adulthood. Even if the child lacks nutrition, the growth and development of the child will not be done properly. Ojha said that due to some health problem, the child may look younger or older than his age.

He suggested that if children's development is not according to their age, they should seek the help of a doctor to find out the reason.

Eye exercise is essential

 Eye exercise is essential

We are talking about diet and exercise to make different parts of the body healthy. But we don't pay much attention to the eyes that work regularly other than during sleep.

To keep the eyes healthy, one should pay attention to everything from exercise to hygiene. Then how to exercise the eyes?

Eyes should be cleaned before doing eye exercises. Close the eyes and wash them with clean water. After that, the water that has been boiled in a pot should be placed in an eye cleaning pot, a cup or in the hand and the eyes should blink. If you want to do it with Aywas cup, you can put it in your eyes and blink once with your head looking towards the sky and blink again while looking away. It helps to flush out the debris and dirt stuck in the eyes.

These 7 exercises can be done after doing Aivasa.

Eye opening

After cleaning the eyes, close and open the eyes once. This should be done as soon as possible. In the same way, one should squint the eyes, grind the teeth and shake the head. Both these exercises can be repeated five to ten times.

Turn the eyes downwards

To keep the eyes healthy, you can do the exercise of looking at the pupil upside down. Keeping the head straight, the pupil of the eye should be raised without bending the forehead. It should be done once by looking at the sky and the next time by looking at the ground. This exercise can also be done as fast as possible for five to 10 times. With this kind of eye exercise, the nerves and muscles of the eyes are strengthened, which does not reduce the brightness of the eyes.

Crossing the eyes

The pupil of the eye can be exercised by first crossing the right top left bottom, then the left top right bottom. It should be done as soon as possible.

Roll the eyes around

Another exercise on the eyes, in which the eyes should be rotated all around. Both the eyes should be rotated once up right down left and then the exact opposite from left to right should be rotated at least 10 times. Then close your eyes for two minutes and relax. Then it should be repeated again.

Practice looking at the line

In this, the thief finger of the right hand should be kept in line with the eyes. Look carefully at the fine line visible on the upper tip of the finger, take that finger away from the eyes once and bring it close to the nose once. This should be repeated five to ten times.

Eye strain

The eyes should be adjusted to keep them sharp. Heat your palms by rubbing them together and close your eyes. The palm should be kept on the eyelashes for 6 seconds. This process should be repeated up to three times. By doing this, the eyes will get immediate relief.

Tratak method

This is a yoga method. In which one should sit in one of the yoga poses. After that, the light of a candle or a lamp should be placed at eye level at a distance of 5-6 feet. Then you should look at that dim light with tears and close your eyes for a while and meditate.

All these exercises can be done twice a day in the morning and evening.

Benefits of eye exercises

Exercise removes dirt from the eyes, increases light, and improves eyesight. It also helps to get rid of the problem of wearing glasses. It makes the eye veins flexible and flexible.

As exercise balances the eyes, it cures problems such as eye focus out. Eye hygiene and regular exercise can prevent problems such as eye burning, pain, and itching.

But these exercises should not be done if there is an infection in the eyes, redness, or eye diseases. Exercising at this time can cause problems such as eye damage or pain.

"There is also a need to discuss the mental health of teachers"

"There is also a need to discuss the mental health of teachers"

  Recently, there are many problems related to mental health in school students. This affects their ability to acquire skills and knowledge. At times, public awareness programs on mental health are targeted at students.

But the mental health of the teachers who teach the same children is not given much attention. Teachers may also be stressed by personal problems such as their home affairs and career. The effect of which can be seen in their work. It can have a direct impact on students' teaching and learning.

In this case, don't teachers need training on human health? How important is it to discuss the mental health of teachers? What is the teacher's health condition? In this context, psychiatrist Dr. Edited excerpt of online journalist Manisha Thapa's conversation with Vasudev Karki:

How important is it to discuss the mental health of teachers?

Suzuki Dashain Offer

Children are the foundations of the future. Teachers are the creators of children's future. Therefore, if the creator is not mentally healthy, the society of the future will not be prosperous. Therefore, it is very important to take care of the mental health of both children and teachers.

In the context of Nepal, there are many mental health programs targeting children and students. But by focusing on teachers, the discussion about mental health is reduced.

On the other hand, some time ago in America, there was a survey about the mental health of teachers. According to which 27 percent of the teachers were suffering from depression. In a prosperous country like America, teachers are going through mental problems like depression, but in a country like Nepal, the government has not been able to provide even the necessary services and facilities that teachers should get. It can be attributed to the recent teachers' movement. Even if only the teachers present in the movement are studied, 50 percent of them may have problems like depression.

In this case, if the mental condition of the teacher is not good, how can the children like the little buds get quality education from the education given by them? Therefore, it is very important to discuss the mental health of teachers.

Teachers have their own problems. Family matters, financial matters or various things are also making them stressed. Is the side-effect of such stress in the classroom or not?

If the teacher himself is in a stressful situation, its side-effect is completely falling in the classroom. A person who is mentally stressed may also have anxiety and depression. Due to stress, symptoms such as sleeplessness and dizziness may appear in them. How can he teach in the classroom who has not slept all night? On top of that, a teacher who is going through depression may have anger, impulses, and thoughts playing in his mind, and a teacher who comes to the classroom with a stressed mind either does not want to teach and is forced to teach.

Also, even a small mistake by a student in class can cause anger in the teacher. The result may be activities such as scolding and beating students. There are many examples of incidents of beatings by teachers from time to time. This can affect the mental health of not only the teachers, but also the students studying there. Not only that, the teacher may not be able to share enough knowledge as needed, which affects the students' learning.

How does the mood of teachers affect children?

If someone greets you with a smile when you go somewhere, the atmosphere is different. The same principle applies in the classroom. If the teacher looks cheerful and energetic, then even the students who are sitting in the classroom will get energy and vigor. They can easily absorb what is taught. They do not feel that the class is over.

But there is a lot of stress going on in the teacher's mind. He has no energy, no energy and comes with an angry face. And, if they are always presented in the same way in the class, students may not like to read, find it difficult to concentrate, and may not like to ask questions that they do not understand. Some teachers are kind enough to vent their anger on students due to the personal stress of homework. In this case, students are afraid to even sit in class. The class atmosphere is also negative.

All students consider their teachers as the storehouse of knowledge. Children consider teachers as their role models and they dream of being like teachers. Students follow not only the teacher's teaching but also their behavior. The direct effect on the students' emotional state and learning environment also depends on the teacher's presentation.

Even if the student is not scolded or beaten, some behavior of the teacher has a direct effect, right?

 

First, it was said that small punishments should be given to the students to make them level and discipline them. If you don't do your homework, if you make noise in the classroom, if you don't obey, you will get beaten up. But now the idea that students should not be beaten will have a more negative impact on children. Most teachers believe that the classroom should be child-friendly. However, activities such as not encouraging, not responding, and discouraging the students for their extracurricular activities in the class can have a negative effect on the student's mentality. Not only that, because stressed teachers cannot teach well, students also cannot learn well.

If the teacher himself is depressed or sad, can he cover it up and teach the students properly?

If the teacher himself is sad, he cannot cover it up. Even if they want to, they cannot teach the students properly. No matter how much the teacher tries to hide his indifference, it can be seen in his behavior.

What kind of mental problems can teachers have?

Depression, anxiety and stress are the most common psychological problems among teachers. Some teachers are not even able to experience that they have mental problems. But in their behavior, the symptoms of mental problems are visible and if the problem becomes dominant, the behavior may change. After which students and colleagues around can also notice.

How to make the teacher mentally healthy and emotionally strong?

In order to make them mentally healthy and emotionally strong, their stress can be reduced by giving them the wages that schools and colleges deserve, understanding the problems of teachers from time to time, not giving them unnecessary pressure from the administration, encouraging them when they have done a good job.

Also, it is important for the teacher to have a discussion program with the counselor at school from time to time, so that they can openly discuss the mental stress they have.

It is necessary for the government to conduct mental health awareness programs in all teaching areas and to train teachers on modern education. This can increase the intellectual capacity of the teachers and can also increase their passion for teaching.

What is the central thesis of Dumont’s theory of caste?

What is the central thesis of Dumont’s theory of caste? Does this theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali Society? How?

Ans: Louis Dumont was a French sociologist, anthropologist, and famous explores of the Hindu caste system. Through intensive and in-depth studies about the Hindu caste system, he authored several books Hierarchy and Marriage Alliance in South Indian Kinship (1954). Homo Hierarchicus (1970). Religion, Politics, and History in India (1970). Essays on Individualism (1986); and "L". Ideologie Allemande (1994) (in French language). Out of these, Home Hierarchicus is considered one of the most renowned and popular texts by him.

Dumont propounded distinguished theory on caste in his book Home Hierarchicus, initially published in French in 1966 and translated into English in 1970. He presented his analysis of the caste system by relating theoretical aspects to real-life situations and behavioral studies of Hindu society. His theory of caste hierarchy is based on the concept of pure and impure, and he argues that this system of pure and impure has been explicitly created from specific from of inequality in Hindu society.

Based on Levi Strauss's prior studies and theoretical concepts, Dumont developed the caste system instead of being pure and impure in the Hindu context. According to Dumont, the division of labor in the caste system is not economy-based but rather on culture. He views and interprets caste from an ideological perspective. He analyzes the caste system not in terms of behavioral or practical reality; instead, he interprets the caste system with an emphasis on both ideological and structural perspectives.

According to Dumont, the caste system plays an integrative role in Hindu society, and it is the unique feature of Hinduism-dominant societies. He views the caste system of Nepal and India as ideas and values. That is, according to Dumont, the caste system is an ideology. The caste system of Hindu society is just the opposite of the Western caste perspective. The Hindu caste system is relatively traditional than that of modern Western ideology. Western caste perspective is based on holistic, but Hindu caste ideology is based on individualistic one.

 

According to Dumont's theory of caste, hierarchy or superiority/inferiority of several castes is an essential feature of the Hindu caste system. He argues that the hierarchy of caste, ie., superiority or inferiority of caste, implies the superiority or inferiority of prestige, independent of power or ability. Thus, caste hierarchy and classification of pure vs. impure highly influences all social lives of Hindu society. According to Dumont's caste theory, daily life activities of Hindu people, marriage, food provisions, rituals, traditions are all determined in terms of caste hierarchy.

The significant themes or central theses of Dumont's caste theory are as follows:

i. Caste is holistic and hierarchical.

According to Dumont's caste theory, the nature of caste is holistic. Caste system represents a whole highest level or superior system. Both castes are pure and impure in such a system, but each caste maintains its distinguished identity. Caste has a definite name and residential area.

ii. The caste system is inimical to individualism.

According to Dumont's caste theory, whereas the caste system incorporates hierarchy, it also violates individualism. Caste fully controls over all its members. Marriage, food provisions, and several rituals come under caste. No person has individuality because he/she could not marry, select an occupation, and perform rituals beyond the regulations of the caste system.

iii. There are two models of caste.

Commenting on features of the caste system as mentioned by Dumont, some sociologists hypothesize that there are two models of the Hindu caste system. First, varna, and the second, caste. Varna system is a classification of the ancient Vedic age. According to the varna system, each of four varna's castes must follow different occupations. On the other hand, caste is based on endogamy or the assumption that holdsmarriage takes place in own caste.

iv. Attributes of varna and caste

Dumont's caste system pointed to two features of varna. First, prestige, and the second, power. The meaning of prestige is associated with religion and power with ability. Brahmins' prestige is their religion and, Chhetri's and vaishyas' ability are their power. Ideology prevails in religion, and the rest of other falls under the category of ability. According to Dumont, the varna system is not hierarchical. Varna's system does not reflect stratification. All varnas are different, in which brahmins perform their predetermined occupation and vaishya are also involved in their separate works. There is no dependency between varnas. The caste system is different from that of varna. Dumont separates caste and varna, which has three characteristics as follows:

Hierarchy

Separation

Interdependence

v. Theory of hierarchy: Pure and impure

The theory of hierarchy is an essential theme of Dumont's caste thesis. It is also referred to as the theory of opposition to pure and impure. Before Dumont, the world-renowned French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1912) put sacred and profane ideas to define religion. According to Durkheim, things viewed from honor/respect are considered sacred. Such as God, earth, heaven, and tree. On the other hand, things viewed from utility/use are considered profane-for example, shoes, plows, and clothes. Based on the above ideas on sacred and profane, Dumont analyzes caste hierarchy in pure and impure (or purity and pollution). According to him, works, such as worship, priest, and teaching, are considered sacred. On the other hand, metal works, clothes sewing, and cleaning work are considered profane. Pure is always higher than impure, and impure is lower. It means impure must stay separate from pure.

vi. The accurate comparison is of ideology.

The fundamental unit in comparing either Western or Eastern, caste and an individual, and religion or school is an ideology. To analyzing Dumont's theory on the caste system, it is essential to understand the ideology behind that unit. Here, ideology means a system of values. Values may reflect oppositions and counterarguments. The caste system's hierarchy is also based on the ideology of pure and impure, which is described in classical Hindu texts.

From the above discussion and considerations, it may be concluded that Dumont's theory and theses on the caste system are partially relevant to analyze the nature of caste in Nepal because this theory was developed by Dumont around 50 years ago. During this period. Nepal's social, cultural, educational, economic, and other sectors are changed. Nowadays, the concept of pure and impure is diminished, and occupational barriers in terms of caste seem negligible. Dumont's work on Homo Hierarchicus has been widely acclaimed as the most critical contribution to studying the Hindu caste system. However, his theory has also been one of the most controversial pieces of work. He has been criticized on various grounds. Therefore, I argue that Dumont's theory on the caste system in Nepal's present changing and developing society does not seem relevant to analyzing the nature of caste.

What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal?

 Q. What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal? 

The Muluki Ain was a legal code introduced during Jung Bahadur Rana's reign in Nepal. It laid down various provisions related to social hierarchy, including the caste system.

The caste system mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. The system was discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality, with individuals being restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste.

It is important to note that the Muluki Ain was eventually replaced by the new Civil Code in Nepal in 2017, which removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that has existed in Nepali society for centuries. The 1854 Muluki Ain was a legal code that further entrenched and codified the caste system in Nepal.

The Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The caste system in Nepal was highly discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality. Individuals were restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste. For example, members of the lower castes were often denied education, and their employment opportunities were limited to menial jobs such as cleaning and farming. In contrast, members of the higher castes were able to access education and had access to a wider range of employment opportunities.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, it still persists in many parts of the country, and discrimination based on caste is still prevalent. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

In conclusion, the caste system in Nepal mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain was a discriminatory system of social stratification that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of Nepal. However, progress has been made in recent years, and the new Civil Code in Nepal ensures equal rights for all citizens, regardless of their caste.

Q. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. 

The caste system in Nepal, as codified in the Muluki Ain of 1854, was a hierarchical system of social stratification that divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Brahmins were at the top of the caste hierarchy and were considered the purest and most learned of all castes. They were responsible for religious rituals, such as conducting pujas and performing other religious ceremonies. The Kshatriyas were the second-highest caste and were traditionally warriors and rulers. They were responsible for defending the country and maintaining law and order.

The Vaishyas were the third-highest caste and were traditionally traders and merchants. They were responsible for economic activities and commerce. The Shudras were at the bottom of the caste hierarchy and were traditionally laborers and servants. They were responsible for menial jobs such as farming, cleaning, and other low-skilled work.

Within each caste, there were sub-castes, which further divided society based on specific occupations or professions. For example, within the Brahmin caste, there were sub-castes such as the Bahun, Chhetri, and Thakuri. Similarly, within the Shudra caste, there were sub-castes such as the Kami, Damai, and Sarki.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of the country. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

Q. Marry Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make an argument?

Marry Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal. In her research, she argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas.

Cameron's argument is based on the observation that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to Dalitscation and other opportunities. However, in rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs. She argues that the focus on urban areas has led to a neglect of the needs and experiences of rural Dalits.

Furthermore, Cameron argues that there is a need for a more nuanced approach to Dalit identity politics that takes into account the diversity of experiences and challenges faced by Dalits across different regions of Nepal. She suggests that a more inclusive approach to Dalit politics, which includes the voices and perspectives of rural Dalits, is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

In conclusion, Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. She suggests that a more inclusive approach that takes into account the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

Summary:

1. What is the caste system in Nepal? 

   - The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that divides Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

   - Within each caste, there are sub-castes that further divide society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The caste system is based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

2. What is the Muluki Ain of 1854 in Nepal? 

    

    - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The Muluki Ain was a legal code that laid down various provisions related to caste and social hierarchy in Nepal.

   - It divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

3. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste.

   - The system divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

4. Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make this argument? -

   - Mary Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal.

   - She argues that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to education and other opportunities.

   - In rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

   - Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs.

What shampoo is good for hair?

What shampoo is good for hair?

Although shampoo is used by everyone, many people do not care about the best shampoo for their hair. There are many types of shampoos available in the market. Shampoo companies often advertise models with beautiful hair to sell their products.

But in reality it is not as shown in the advertisement. If you follow the advertisement and use shampoo randomly, it will damage your hair. Shampoo should be used only keeping in mind the nature and temperament of the hair.

Shampoos are usually normal, dry, oily, color resistant and keratin softening. Normally, normal shampoo is used. If it is very dry, dry hair shampoo should be used.

Dry shampoo contains emollients and conditioning agents or moisturizers. It is better to use anti-residue shampoo because of smooth hair type. It helps in removing greasiness from the hair. Anti-dandruff shampoo should be used if there is dandruff in the hair. Color lover shampoo is good for colored hair to help the color last.

Similarly, if there is dandruff in the hair or there is an infection in the scalp, it is best to use a medicated shampoo. Similarly, keratin sulfate free is considered suitable for this.

All these shampoos can be used keeping in mind the texture of the hair. It makes the hair soft, healthy and beautiful. Shampoo can be purchased in the fragrance you like.

Shampoo available in the market

Sunslick, Dove, Livav, Argan, Palet, Pantin, Himalayan, Lolier, Mamaartha, Tresme, Hair and Shoulder, Selson shampoos are very popular. In all of these, Oily, Normal, Dry, Hair Fall Control, Color Love Shampoo, Cellson, Anti-Dandruff, Keratin Hair Mask types are available. Apart from this, keratin shampoos are also available.

Why is shampoo better than soap?

Shampoo is hair friendly but not soapy. Soap contains more harmful chemicals than beneficial ingredients needed by the hair. Similarly, when taking a bath with soap, you have to rub your hair for a long time, due to which the roots of the hair become weak, and the hair may become dry and have problems. But the shampoo is made according to the type, nature and condition of the hair.

Different types of ingredients are mixed in the shampoo. Generally, color, water, fragrance, chemicals, moisturizing agent, serum, conditioning agent, glycerin etc. are mixed. In addition, the agent (moisturizer) that makes the shampoo attractive is also used. Apart from this, lemon, cherry, honey, rose, cucumber, ghee and other hair beneficial plants are mixed in it. Which makes the hair shiny and attractive.

How to use shampoo?

Shampoo can be used every time you take a shower. But if you are in the habit of bathing every day, you can wash your hair with shampoo on the first day and conditioner on the second day and then use shampoo on the lower part of your hair. This reduces the effect of shampoo chemicals on the skin. Similarly, there is no need to keep using shampoo on the hair.

Mix shampoo and water in a bowl as needed before bathing. Only then should you use shampoo. Because when used in this way, the shampoo is not limited to one place but spreads all over the hair. Fizz also comes well. Similarly, the effect of chemicals used in shampoo is also reduced.

In such cases, shampoo should not be used

Do not use if there is any infection on the head, headache or allergy due to the shampoo itself. In such cases, shampoo should be used only after consulting a doctor. Also, do not use expired shampoo.

Meat is nutritious, but it also increases disease

Meat is nutritious, but it also increases disease

Now the community of those who stop eating meat is growing all over the world. According to a report published in the BBC, the number of people giving up meat for the sake of the environment and animal welfare is increasing.

It is written in the BBC, "If we talk about Britain, one third of citizens are claiming that they have stopped eating meat." Even in America, two-thirds of citizens say that they are eating much less meat than in the past.

But even though the number of vegetarians is increasing in the world, the consumption of meat has not decreased. In the last 50 years, meat consumption has been increasing rapidly in the world. In addition, meat production has also increased. There are basically two reasons for the increase in meat consumption, one is population growth. Another thing is people's purchasing power.

The method of meat production is also different in developed countries. Animals are raised there for any purpose. Young and healthy animals are slaughtered with as little pain as possible. The meat produced in this way is stored and sold according to healthy standards.

But we do not have a procedure to check how much meat produced is edible. Nor is the animal's health checked before slaughter. For this reason, doctors here suggest to control the amount of meat as much as possible. A summary of some studies says, "Especially red meat can cause heart disease, heart attack and some types of cancer."

Nutritionist Bhupal Baniyan says that consumers in Nepal are forced to eat low-quality meat because the Meat Inspection Act cannot be implemented effectively. He says, "When businessmen sell and distribute meat without testing, the people here are forced to eat low-quality and unhealthy meat."

The Slaughterhouse Acts have been framed under the Animal Slaughterhouse and Meat Inspection Act-2055. There are many laws such as checking before slaughtering animals, checking the meat of slaughtered animals, marking or marking the meat. If the law is not implemented, there is a provision of a fine ranging from 5 to 20 thousand rupees and imprisonment for up to one month. But all these laws have not been implemented, nor have the relevant agencies monitored whether they have been implemented.

We eat chicken meat because chicken meat is healthier than red meat. But in order to make the chicken marketable quickly, the businessmen use a large amount of different types of antibiotics in the feed,'' he says.

It is not that all businessmen have given antibiotics to chickens beyond the standard. Some have even produced and sold chicken meat according to the standards. An example of that is the Valley Cold Store, said Baniyan.

Baniyan says, "Earlier, Khasiboka was reared in the village. But now, grain is fed to make the chicken grow faster. As a result, it takes a lot of fat. He says, 'The amount of saturated fat in beef is high. As a result, consuming too much beef can cause heart problems.

The raw meat of Ranga contains various types of germs including worms and 'microbacterial contamination'. Baniyan says, 'If this meat is not cooked properly and eaten, it can cause kidney and liver problems in the long run.'

"How to cut meat, how to sell, etc. standards are not only in foreign countries but also in Nepal. But since there is no body to monitor whether that standard is met, Baniyan says that diseased and low-quality meat can cause various diseases.

In this way, eating meat with a lot of antibiotics may not cause any problems, but over time, chronic diseases may increase. Therefore, if any animal's meat is fit to be eaten, the vet doctor advises that it should be sold and distributed only after examining it and saying that it is fit to be eaten.

How edible is the fish?

From the point of view of health, Baniyan says that it is better to eat fish because it contains protein and omega three. "But since the fish produced in Nepal cannot meet the market demand, fish are imported from India and other countries," he says.

Even after bringing it to Nepal, formalin is used to keep it on sale for a long time. Baniyan says that eating fish that has been kept in formalin for a long time can affect the kidneys and liver in the long term. Therefore, he suggests that when buying fish from the market, it is better to bring live fish than dead fish.

What does the food research officer say?

According to Food Research Officer Ujjwal Rayamazhi, protein obtained from meat has more biological value than that obtained from legumes. This means that the protein in the meat can be absorbed and used more by the body. That's why eating meat is good for health, Rayamazhi says, so it is consumed all over the world.

How healthy is the meat found in Nepal? How healthy are the animals used for meat? The relevant agency is responsible for monitoring the matter. But there has not been as much monitoring as there should be," says Rayamazhi.

He says that it is not true that the market is filled with meat that has been used in large amounts of antibiotics. Rayamazhi says. "According to some of our monitoring, many businessmen have worked according to the standards. But in Nepal, cattle rearing for meat and selling meat is done at home. this Some businessmen may have given too many hormones for profit.

What is chiropractic treatment?

What is chiropractic treatment?

Chiropractic is a commonly used method of treatment for muscle pain, joint pain and sports injuries. It is considered as complementary and alternative medicine.

It does not use scientifically proven methods like medicine. Instead, chiropractic treatment involves manual therapy, in which the chiropractor uses his hands to move different parts of the body. This treatment method is more popular in developed countries.

Chiropractic treatment is an adjustment procedure in which specialists apply controlled force to the joints of the spine using their hands or small instruments. If there is a problem in the joint due to some reason, this treatment method is used more to solve the problem by adjusting the joint. Chiropractic treatment is also known as chiropractic treatment.

In which problems is this treatment useful?

It is especially useful for solving the problems of the nervous system and bones of the body. Also, this method of treatment can be useful in spine pain, back pain, limb pain, knee pain, neck pain and many types of joint pain.

The joints of people who sit in a chair for a long time and work are tight due to sticking to the flesh. Chiropractic treatment is also done to open such joints. During the game, sometimes the condition of the joints of the players deteriorates. At that time, this treatment is also done to adjust the joints.

What kind of person can't do it?

In some cases chiropractic is not possible. People with low bone mass density cannot undergo this treatment. Also, people who have problems with blood flow in the joints and the problem of rubbing joints cannot do this. It has to be checked to see if it can be treated or not.

Something to note

Chiropractic should always be done by skilled personnel only. While getting a haircut, massage is also done to stretch the neck, that is not chiropractic.

Today, social media shows people who can't walk after chiropractic treatment standing up and walking. However, this is not magic. As shown in Tiktok, a person who cannot move should not start walking as soon as it is treated.

Every person's body is different and so is the treatment. Therefore, if chiropractic is performed in a place where there is no expert doctor, other problems may arise. Therefore, chiropractic should be done only after an examination by a qualified doctor.

If you see the chiropractor, he will check and advise you to see another doctor if you need other treatment. They treat only when the problem can be solved by chiropractic.

What is found in fish?

What is found in fish?

Fish dishes are delicious, quick to cook, easy to cook and easy to digest. Nutrient elements are also found in sufficient quantity in fish. Fish is a particularly good source of omega-3 fatty acids. It is beneficial for physical, mental and heart health.

Fish is low in fat, high in protein and rich in some nutrients. It also contains vitamins, minerals and other nutrients.

Benefits of eating fish

Fish is beneficial for heart patients. If they include fish in their food, it will be very beneficial. The omega-3 fatty acids found in fish strengthen the heart and muscles and help control the amount of cholesterol in the body.

Eating fish dishes helps to control stress, depression, reduce eye and skin problems that occur after aging. If a pregnant woman consumes fish regularly, it will also benefit the growth of the baby in the womb. Fish also helps children's brain development.

How do you get nutrients from fish?

Various fish dishes can be prepared. For example, many dishes like soup, curry, biryani, fry, grill, boil, steam, fish tikka, fish pasta, shrimp pizza, fish chili, fish chowmein, fish sizzler can be made from fish.

Even if you eat it by adding it, making jhol and gravy dishes, the nutrients in the fish will not be destroyed. Even if you cannot eat it daily, eating fish twice a week is beneficial for your health.

Species of fish found in Nepal?

According to fish traders, about 75 types of fish are available in the market in Nepal. But not all these types of fish are available in all shops. There are usually seven to eight types of fish in the shop such as Naini, Sahar, Asla, Bachafish, Bhatura, Raun, Bhura, Buhari Shrimp and others. In this too, the fish vendors say that most of the customers like Raun, Bhura and Buhari fish. In which Buhari fish has less spines while all others have spines. Traders say that the demand for shrimp is increasing recently. However, hairy fish is a perennial favorite.

They say that although fish is all delicious, it also depends on the way it is cooked. Also, some people like to eat boneless meat with gravy, while others like to fry raw fish in oil.

This is how face yoga can be done to brighten the face

This is how face yoga can be done to brighten the face

People are taking various measures to look beautiful and attractive. They resort to different types of creams, treatments and many other measures. Although all these will bring shine to the face, it cannot reduce the effects of aging on the face.

In such a situation, exercise for the face can prove to be very useful. For this you can do 'face yoga'. Just as yoga is important for health, it is equally beneficial for the face. How to do 'face yoga' to make your face attractive, what are its benefits? let's know

What is face yoga?

Face yoga is the exercise of facial muscles. It can make facial muscles flexible, improve blood circulation, relax, nourish and reduce the effects of aging on the skin.

What kind of yoga?

Lion pose

Throne yoga is done as a lion opens its mouth while roaring. It strengthens the mouth muscles. The lion pose tightens all the muscles of the face, improves blood circulation and also brings glow. This is one of the best yoga for face.

method

- First of all, lay a mat on the floor. This method can also be done sitting in bed.

-Sitting in Sukhasana and touching the mat with your hands. Extend the fingers of both hands near the knees. In this case, the elbow should be straight.

- Open your mouth well, stick your tongue out, spread your tongue out and roar like a lion so that the pressure on the facial muscles is reached.

-Repeat twice or four times every day in the morning.

Tap

It is important to start your routine by gently tapping the entire face and neck with your fingertips, i.e. by applying quick pressure to the face with your fingertips. This awakens the skin, increases blood circulation and produces elastin and collagen. makes

method

- Apply pressure by tapping on your forehead with the tips of your fingers, start tapping from the middle of the forehead and move towards the forehead.

-Starting from the chin and going through the base of the nose, tap the tap on your cheeks.

- Keep tapping your cheeks in an upward motion from the chin bone to the cheek bone.

-Tap above the upper lip for about three seconds, then tap tap below the lower lip for a few seconds.

Happy Frog

When a frog croaks like it is happy, it is called 'Happy Frog'. Face volume decreases with age. This pose tightens sagging cheeks and makes them look fuller.

In this mudra, the lower lip and the upper lip are joined together to make a smile. Repeat this exercise 20 times.

Kisses and smiles

In this practice, the lips are made to smile for a while and kiss for a while. It does not cause wrinkles on the cheeks.

method

- Take it near the lips with the thieving finger and middle finger.

- Then close the mouth and make a shape as if kissing and give a smile.

- Sit in the kissing posture for 10 seconds and then keep smiling for 10 seconds.

-Then come to rest position.

fish face

This mudra brightens the face and makes the lips look pink. Helps to improve muscle function.

method

- Close your eyes first.

-Pull your lips and cheeks inward to give a fish-like shape and hold for 30 seconds.

-Then smile for 30 seconds.

- Do this yoga three to five times a day.

Chin lift

Many people are suffering from the problem of double chin. Double chin makes laughing and speaking difficult. Chin lift yoga is the solution to this problem. In addition, it also works to improve the functioning of the jaw and neck muscles.

method

-Lift your head and look at the ceiling.

- Push forward as if trying to kiss the ceiling while trying to reach your lips. Continue this for a few seconds.

- Slowly return to your previous position.

-Repeat this facial yoga process three to four times.

Mouthwash technique

Mouthwash Technique Yoga is very easy and can be done at any time. The mouthwash method helps to tone the cheeks and remove excess fat from the face. This yoga is also effective in the problem of double chin.

method

- When rinsing your mouth with water, fill your cheeks with air in your mouth as if you were filling your mouth with water.

-When tired, rest for a while.

- Repeat this process two-three times.

Eye focus

This eye yoga helps to make the eyebrows beautiful and attractive.

method

- Spread your eyes as wide as possible. Do not squint your eyes while doing this.

- Now pay attention to see things as far away as possible.

-Slowly pay attention to nearby things.

-Repeat this process for a few seconds, rest for a few seconds.

Why is meat digested slowly?

Why is meat digested slowly?

Who doesn't love meat-based dishes? There are many people who consider weddings, parties and feasts as incomplete without meat dishes. Meat is also a nutritious food, but it takes a long time to digest.

Meat contains elements such as fat, protein, minerals and minerals. Since meat contains a lot of protein, it remains in the stomach for a long time after eating. Because it takes more time to digest protein food than carbohydrate food. To put it simply, it does not take time to digest meat, it takes time to digest fat.

Carbohydrates and fiber-rich food are digested within a few hours, while fat in meat is digested only after bile is released from the liver into the small intestine.

There are also different types of meat. The meat is tender, tough, with lots of bones and lots of fat. It is easier to digest the meat of khasi, goat or sheep, while hard, fibrous, red meat takes a long time to digest.

Khasi and venison are classified as red meat, while chicken and fish are classified as white meat. Rabbit meat is cooked the fastest. Because it is very soft. Besides, chicken meat and fish are easy to digest.

How to cook meat

Meat can be made and eaten in many ways. It can be eaten by boiling, grating, using, frying, making jhol, making gravy. Generally, it is customary to eat a lot of meat by burning, grilling and frying it. But eating more than this is beneficial for health. It is also easy to digest. Because the fat in the cooked meat melts and the spices including oil are reduced, it is physically beneficial. The meat may not be cooked well if eaten after frying. Burnt meat is hard to chew if the inside is not cooked properly. Due to which, when a large piece of meat is in the stomach, it is slow to digest. It is easier to digest if you make small pieces of meat and cook them like soup.

Chewing process

How meat or other food is chewed makes a difference in the digestive process. If you eat meat and chew it in your mouth for a long time, it is easier to digest it, but if you do not chew it well, it will take time to digest it.

If the time is not favorable

In Nepali society, it is customary to eat 'heavy' food like meat in the evening, which is wrong. Eating meat in the evening takes a long time to digest because there is no physical activity. Therefore, it is better to eat meat in the morning or in the afternoon for better digestion. If you sleep three hours after eating dinner, it will be easier to digest.

Digestive capacity

How long it takes to digest meat also depends on a person's digestive capacity. Compared to people with strong digestion, it is difficult for those with weak digestion to digest meat. In general, children and elderly people have weak digestion, so it is better for them to eat less meat.

In general, meat is suitable for children and the elderly as their digestion process is weak, so they should consume less meat dishes. If you eat too much, it can cause constipation, stomach upset and even problems in the anus.

Illness also plays a role in poor digestion. People with chronic diseases, stomach, intestines, cholesterol have weak digestive capacity compared to others. They may find it very difficult to digest meat. Therefore, it is better for sick people to eat meat dishes in a balanced way.

How much meat to eat?

In Nepali society, meat is not eaten in a balanced way. The habit of not eating for a long time and eating too much at once brings problems. Therefore, a normal person should eat 100 grams of meat in a day.

Benefits of cucumbers, when is it better to eat them?

 Benefits of cucumbers, when is it better to eat them?

The pleasure of eating cucumbers in hot summer is different. Cucumber, which is mostly eaten as a salad, keeps the body hydrated and also enhances the beauty of the skin. Cucumber does not have any disadvantages, it has advantages.

Colostrum is edible how much?

Colostrum is edible how much?

"People who drink cow's milk every day are strong." We all grew up hearing this saying from the mouths of elders. Many of us have a habit of drinking a glass of milk in the morning and before going to bed at night.

Colonialism made what caste is today (Dirks, 2001). 

Nicholas B. Dirks is an American academic and the former Chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley. Dirks is the author of numerous books on South Asian history and culture, primarily concerned with the impact of British colonial rule. In June 2020, Dirks was named president and CEO of The New York Academy of Sciences. Dirks is the author of numerous books on South Asian history and culture, primarily concerned with the impact of British colonial rule. His most famous works include The Hollow Crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian Kingdom (1987), Castes of Mind (2001), and The Scandal of Empire (2006). In these works, Dirks advanced the research on how British rule shaped the culture of the Indian subcontinent and how Britain became influenced by its colonies.

What happens when there is a lack of vitamin E?

Vitamins, nutrients needed by the body, can be obtained from various foods. Generally, we are aware of vitamins A, B, C and D, but not many people pay attention to vitamin E, which is essential for the body.

These are the 5 signs when someone is falling in love

These are the 5 signs when someone is falling in love

Osho, the great interpreter of love, says, "Love has no language." The flower of love blooms in silence. Love is music, love is a melodious echo.

Love is very expensive

Love is very expensive

Love must have been created by the natural instinct to find a friend with the feeling of humanity. But today the nature of love is changing. Capitalism has dominated modern love. Because now people are caught in the clutches of consumerism and extreme capitalism. The rest of it has also fallen into a love relationship. This has made love emotionless and unconscious.

Is love without lust?

Is love without lust?

Unconditional love is the greatest power for humans. Osho says, 'Love starts from the fourth chakra of the heart. When the heart chakra opens, love arises from there. That same love with God or nature rises from the heart. Lust disappears in it. When that love comes below the heart chakra, then it enters the stage of lust.

Is there a way to breathe?

To stay healthy, we pay attention to various aspects like drinking a lot of water, eating a balanced diet, cleanliness. But we don't pay much attention to breath, which is the only means of survival. Because breathing comes automatically, no effort is needed for it.

If there is a problem in the ear, the child does not speak, what is the treatment?

Parents want their child to be fine in every way. To be able to walk, play, laugh, speak, see, hear. But as the newborn baby grows up, the developmental response of these things gradually begins to appear. Therefore, parents do not easily know that their baby has a hearing problem.