"Delayed treatment kills patients in Nepal more than cancer"

 "Delayed treatment kills patients in Nepal more than cancer"

Cancer has become a rapidly growing health problem. It causes loss of people as well as wealth. Cancer can be completely cured if detected early. But in the case of Nepal, due to the practice of going to the hospital late, the number of deaths in a short period of time is increasing due to the delay in identification and treatment.

This experience is no less than a trauma for the victim and his family. Therefore, if you can pay attention to the root of the problem, you can avoid this disease. Experts are suggesting important changes in lifestyle to avoid the risk of cancer.

The most important part of lifestyle is physical exercise. Cancer specialist Dr. Vivek Acharya says. Some chemicals produced during exercise prevent or reduce the risk of cancer in the body. Therefore, all age groups should do regular exercise, Dr. Acharya suggests.

According to a study published in JAMA Oncology, just two minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day, such as running, climbing stairs, doing housework and playing with children, can reduce the risk of cancer by 32 percent.

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Cancer specialist Dr. Arun Shahi also says that cancer can be avoided if daily exercise is included in the daily routine. He says that not only cancer but also other non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure can be avoided.

Dr. Arun Shahi

But he says that excessive exercise can prove fatal. Balanced exercise should be done. Do not do any exercise less. And don't do too much. "There are many cases of death due to the body not being able to cope with too much exercise," he says.

Obesity is the second leading cause of cancer worldwide. If there is more obesity, the fund can grow uncontrollably. Weight gain is associated with breast, colon, kidney, prostate, stomach, pancreatic and other cancers. Exercise burns body fat. And he says that it strengthens the muscles.

The link between exercise and cancer

Dr. According to Shahi, during exercise, toxins in our body are released through sweat. Blood circulation is fast and efficient. As a result, the body's metabolism is balanced.

A balanced metabolism means that the heart carries good blood to the cells. Oxygen purifies the bad blood by bringing it to the lungs. Exercise activates blood circulation. Exercising does not interfere with blood circulation. Which can't cause major diseases like cancer due to obesity. Reduces the amount of fat in the body and strengthens the muscles. If the muscles that pump the heart and lungs are strengthened, the body will be healthy when the oxygen and blood flow in the body is good.

If you pay attention to exercise, diet and weight, 90 to 95 percent of cancer can be avoided. Shahi says.

Diet is also a factor in cancer

The current eating style promotes cancer. Shahi says. Rice contains carbohydrates, pulses contain protein, vegetables contain fiber and fish contains fat. Daily pulses, rice and vegetables are digestible. But now, the habit of eating fish and meat on a daily basis increases body weight and stomach related diseases, he says.

Not only these foods, now everyone's choice is fast food. Fast food increases obesity and increases unnecessary calories. Now a small happy news is celebrated and most of the celebrations are meat dishes and alcohol consumption. This also causes the risk of cancer over time. Shahi says.

In a survey conducted by the Oncology Department of Patan Health Science Academy last year on 256 people aged 30 to 80 years old, people who eat stale rotten food, fast food, red meat, fatty food and a history of Hpylori infection on a daily basis showed a higher risk of stomach cancer.

Every year 25 thousand cancer patients are added in Nepal

About 25 thousand cancer patients are added every year in Nepal. Of which 70 percent die every year. The reason is the lack of quick identification, late arrival at the hospital and the lack of cancer treatment hospitals. Acharya says.

It is also more common to go to the pharmacy and take medicine without testing to cure symptoms of cancer such as stomach ache, ringworm and fever. "It is too late to guess the signs and take medicine and wait and see," he says.

Dr. According to Shahi, Nepal has the highest number of lung cancer patients. In the second place, cervical cancer patients have been seen, followed by breast cancer, stomach cancer, large intestine and rectal cancer patients.

Similarly, lung cancer is most common in men.

The situation is different in villages and cities

Cervical cancer is more common among women in rural and remote areas. Dr. Shahi says, 'Human papilloma virus infection, which is transmitted through unprotected sex, is more common there. Also, there is a tradition of not practicing condoms, not cleaning, getting married early and having children early, having many children. Unprotected sex is rare in the city. When condoms are practiced and cleanliness is taken care of, cervical cancer is comparatively less.

Fast food, less physical activity, excessive consumption of alcohol in the city has increased the problem of obesity. Due to obesity, the risk of breast cancer will increase. Shahi says.

If we look at men, lung cancer is more common in rural and urban areas due to the higher number of smokers in both proportions.

"Treatment is better than chronic disease if detected in time"

If it is detected in the early stages, cancer can be treated better than chronic diseases. Shahi says. If you have sugar and blood pressure, you will not be cured even if you take regular medicine. But if the cancer is detected in the early stages, the cancer will be eradicated completely, he says.

How to stay away from the risk of cancer?

Dr. Shahi has suggested to take care of the following to avoid the risk of cancer.

1. Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol, for example, which may cause cancer.

2. Do not eat rotten, processed food, junk food.

3. Exercise regularly to make you sweat.

4. If there is an unnecessary lump in the body, if the color has changed, then the test should be done immediately.

  5. Women may occasionally undergo a mammogram for breast cancer and a pap test for the cervix, and be vaccinated against cervical cancer.

6. In case of hereditary cancer, cancer screening should be done once a year.

7. Do not have unprotected sex.

Sociology - Caste and Class - Nepal

Sociology - Caste and Class - Nepal

Information about the concepts of caste and class in the context of Nepal.

**Caste in Nepal:**

Caste has played a significant role in the social structure of Nepal for centuries. The caste system in Nepal is deeply rooted in Hindu traditions and divides society into hierarchical groups, often referred to as "jatis" or "varnas." Each caste has traditionally been associated with specific occupations and social roles. The caste system has historically determined social interactions, marriage alliances, and access to resources and opportunities.

The caste system in Nepal was officially abolished in 1963, but its influence still lingers in various aspects of Nepali society. Discrimination, untouchability practices, and restricted social mobility continue to be challenges. Dalits (formerly known as "untouchables") have been the most marginalized group within the caste system, facing systemic discrimination and exclusion.

**Class in Nepal:**

While caste has been a significant factor in the social structure, class distinctions based on economic factors have also been influential in Nepal. The country's economy is primarily agrarian, with a majority of the population engaged in subsistence agriculture. This has led to an uneven distribution of wealth and resources, contributing to socioeconomic disparities.

Urbanization and economic changes in recent years have led to the emergence of a growing urban middle class and an increasingly interconnected economy. However, class divisions often intersect with caste divisions, as historically disadvantaged castes have had limited access to education and economic opportunities, which can perpetuate economic inequality.

**Interplay between Caste and Class:**

The interplay between caste and class in Nepal is complex. While efforts have been made to address caste-based discrimination and promote social inclusion, structural inequalities persist. Disadvantaged castes often face barriers to accessing education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, which in turn affects their economic mobility.

Political and policy initiatives have been launched to address these inequalities, including affirmative action programs and reservations in government jobs and educational institutions for marginalized groups. However, the effectiveness of these measures has been debated, and the process of social change is gradual.

It's important to note that Nepal is a diverse country with various ethnic groups, languages, and cultural practices. The experiences of caste and class can vary across different regions and communities.

The Book "Homo Hierarchicus" was the Brahminical view of caste (Berreman, 1991), Discuss.

"Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications" is a book written by Louis Dumont, not Berreman, published in 1966. It is an influential work that examines the caste system in India, particularly from the perspective of Brahminical ideology. While Berreman is also a notable scholar who has written about caste and related topics, it's important to correctly attribute "Homo Hierarchicus" to Louis Dumont.

Louis Dumont, a French anthropologist, conducted extensive research on Indian society, particularly focusing on the caste system. "Homo Hierarchicus" presents his analysis of the caste system, emphasizing the ideological foundations and the social hierarchy it establishes. The book explores the worldview of traditional Indian society, with a focus on the Brahminical perspective.

Dumont's key argument revolves around the concept of hierarchy. He suggests that the caste system is not merely a system of social stratification but a complex cultural structure that reflects a particular way of thinking and organizing society. In the Brahminical view presented in the book, Dumont argues that hierarchy is an inherent and fundamental aspect of the Indian social order.

The Brahminical view, as portrayed by Dumont, perceives hierarchy as natural and essential for maintaining order and balance in society. This perspective is rooted in the religious and philosophical beliefs of Hinduism, where each caste is assigned a specific role and duty (dharma) based on their position in the hierarchy. The Brahmin caste is traditionally placed at the top of the hierarchy due to its role in performing religious and intellectual functions.

Dumont's work is notable for its focus on the ideological underpinnings of the caste system rather than just its structural aspects. He delves into the symbolic meanings associated with different castes and the ways in which these meanings are expressed in everyday life, rituals, and social interactions.

While "Homo Hierarchicus" provides valuable insights into the Brahminical perspective on caste, it has also been subject to criticism and debate. Critics argue that Dumont's portrayal might oversimplify the complexity and diversity of the caste system and its historical variations. Additionally, some scholars contend that the book does not adequately address the agency of lower-caste individuals and their resistance to oppressive caste norms.

Overall, "Homo Hierarchicus" remains an influential work in the field of Indian sociology and anthropology, shaping discussions and understandings of the caste system and its cultural implications.

What is the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on muluki Ain of 1854? 

The "Muluki Ain" of 1854, also known as the "Legal Code of Nepal 1854," was a comprehensive legal code enacted by the then ruling Rana regime in Nepal. This legal code included provisions related to various aspects of Nepalese society, including caste hierarchy. The caste hierarchy outlined in the Muluki Ain was largely influenced by Hindu caste-based social norms prevalent at the time. Here is a simplified version of the caste hierarchy based on the Muluki Ain:

1. **Brahmins**: At the top of the hierarchy were the Brahmins, who were traditionally priests and scholars. They were considered the most pure and were responsible for performing religious ceremonies.

2. **Chhetris**: The Chhetri caste was considered second in the hierarchy. They were often associated with martial and administrative roles. They were historically involved in the military and held positions of authority.

3. **Vaishyas**: The Vaishya caste included merchants, traders, and farmers. They were involved in economic activities and were considered below the Brahmins and Chhetris in the social order.

4. **Shudras**: The Shudras were laborers, artisans, and service providers. They were placed below the three higher castes and often had limited social and economic mobility.

5. **Dalits**: The Dalits, often referred to as "untouchables," were at the bottom of the hierarchy. They were assigned tasks considered impure, such as cleaning and handling deceased animals. They faced severe social discrimination and exclusion.

It's important to note that the caste hierarchy outlined in the Muluki Ain was a reflection of the societal norms and power structures prevalent during that time. The Muluki Ain was abolished in the 1950s, following political changes in Nepal, and the country underwent a series of reforms aimed at addressing caste-based discrimination and promoting social equality. Despite these reforms, caste-based inequalities and discrimination have persisted to some extent in Nepalese society.

Additionally, Nepal's transition to a federal democratic republic in the 21st century has led to further changes in the social and political landscape, and discussions around caste and social justice continue to be relevant in the country's ongoing development.

Title: Caste Hierarchy in Nepal According to the Muluki Ain of 1854: Historical Context and Implications

**Page 1: Introduction**

The Muluki Ain of 1854, also known as the Legal Code of Nepal 1854, played a pivotal role in shaping the socio-cultural and legal landscape of Nepal during the Rana regime. One of the key aspects outlined in the Muluki Ain was the hierarchical caste system that reflected the prevailing Hindu social norms of the time. This essay delves into the caste hierarchy as delineated in the Muluki Ain, its historical significance, and its implications for Nepalese society.

**Page 2: Caste Hierarchy in the Muluki Ain**

The Muluki Ain established a rigid caste hierarchy that structured society based on traditional Hindu principles. At the top of the hierarchy were the **Brahmins**, revered for their role as priests and scholars. They held significant influence over religious and intellectual matters. Following the Brahmins were the **Chhetris**, associated with military and administrative roles. The **Vaishyas**, comprising traders and farmers, were the third caste. **Shudras** occupied the fourth tier and performed labor, artisan, and service roles. Lastly, the **Dalits** were positioned at the lowest rung, subjected to extreme social discrimination and relegated to menial tasks.

**Page 3: Historical Context**

The caste hierarchy established by the Muluki Ain reflected the broader societal norms and power dynamics of its time. The Ain codified the existing caste divisions that had their roots in Hindu scriptures and tradition. The privileged status of the Brahmins and Chhetris was reinforced by their roles in religious and administrative domains. The caste hierarchy, therefore, became an instrument of social control and legitimized the prevailing socio-economic disparities.

**Page 4: Implications and Consequences**

The caste hierarchy defined by the Muluki Ain had far-reaching implications for Nepalese society. It reinforced social inequalities by cementing privileges for the higher castes and perpetuating discrimination against the lower castes, especially the Dalits. This discrimination had deep social, economic, and psychological impacts, limiting opportunities for upward mobility and reinforcing intergenerational cycles of disadvantage.

**Page 5: Resistance and Reform**

Over time, the oppressive nature of the caste hierarchy sparked resistance and led to reform movements. Advocates for social justice challenged the discriminatory practices rooted in the Muluki Ain. The movement gained momentum during Nepal's transition to a federal democratic republic. The constitution of 2007 recognized the need to eliminate untouchability and caste-based discrimination, marking a significant departure from the Muluki Ain's provisions.

**Page 6: Contemporary Landscape and Conclusion**

In contemporary Nepal, the remnants of the caste hierarchy from the Muluki Ain era persist, although they have been challenged by reforms and changing societal dynamics. The country's transition to a federal democratic republic and its commitment to social justice and equality are transforming the landscape. While the Muluki Ain's caste hierarchy once rigidly governed society, the complexities of modern Nepal demand more inclusive and egalitarian approaches.

In conclusion, the caste hierarchy established by the Muluki Ain of 1854 in Nepal reflected the hierarchical structure of Hindu social norms at the time. This hierarchy not only defined social positions but also shaped access to opportunities and resources. Understanding the historical context and implications of this hierarchy is crucial for comprehending the challenges and changes in Nepal's socio-cultural landscape. As Nepal continues to evolve, addressing the legacy of the caste system remains an ongoing process that intersects with broader struggles for equality and social justice.

Discuss the Newar caste hierarchy based on Gopal Singh Nepali (1965)?

Gopal Singh Nepali (1911–1963) was a prominent Nepali poet, playwright, and lyricist. While his works often explored a range of themes, including social issues, his writings are not typically associated with an extensive analysis of the Newar caste hierarchy. Therefore, there might be some confusion regarding Gopal Singh Nepali's specific contribution to discussing the Newar caste hierarchy in 1965.

However, I can provide you with a general overview of the Newar caste hierarchy based on traditional social structures prevalent in the Newar community of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Keep in mind that caste hierarchies can be complex and vary across different sources and regions.

**Newar Caste Hierarchy:**

The Newars are the indigenous people of the Kathmandu Valley, with a rich history and unique culture. The Newar society historically operated with a caste-based social hierarchy, although there have been variations in its specifics over time.

1. **Brahmins**: The Newar Brahmins traditionally held a high social status due to their role in performing religious rituals and ceremonies. They were often associated with temples and religious institutions.

2. **Chathariyas/Kshatriyas**: This caste, also known as Chathariyas or Kshatriyas, was historically associated with warrior and administrative roles. They held positions of power and were involved in the governance of the valley.

3. **Vaishyas**: The Vaishya caste comprised traders, merchants, and businesspeople. They played a crucial role in commerce and economic activities in the valley.

4. **Shresthas**: The Shresthas were a diverse group engaged in various professions such as trade, business, and service. They held significant influence in the urban centers of the valley.

5. **Jyapus**: The Jyapus were primarily involved in farming and agriculture. They held an essential role in providing food to the community and were known for their expertise in traditional agricultural practices.

6. **Gubhaju**: The Gubhajus were primarily priests who performed rituals for specific deities. They held a unique position in Newar society due to their religious duties.

7. **Kusundas**: The Kusundas were often marginalized and were traditionally associated with hunting and gathering activities.

8. **Kumhals**: The Kumhals were engaged in pottery and crafting activities, contributing to the artistic and utilitarian needs of the community.

It's important to note that the Newar caste hierarchy was not as strictly stratified as some other caste systems in South Asia. Interactions and intermarriages between castes were not uncommon, and social mobility could occur through various means, such as economic success, education, and inter-caste marriages.

While the traditional caste system still has some influence in Newar communities, social changes and modernization have led to shifts in attitudes and practices. Efforts to promote inclusivity, education, and awareness about social equality have also played a role in challenging the rigidity of the caste system.

If you have specific information from Gopal Singh Nepali's works in 1965 that you would like to discuss, please provide additional details, and I'll do my best to assist you.

Discuss the way of Dipankar Gupta analytically describes social stratification in terms of hierarchy and difference? 

Dipankar Gupta, a prominent Indian sociologist, has contributed significantly to the study of social stratification and inequality. He is known for his analytical approach to understanding the complexities of social hierarchies and differences. In his work, Gupta presents a nuanced perspective on how social stratification operates through both hierarchy and difference. Let's delve into his ideas in more detail:

**1. Hierarchy:**

Gupta emphasizes the role of hierarchy in social stratification. Hierarchy refers to the arrangement of individuals or groups in a vertical order of superiority or inferiority. In this context, certain groups or categories hold more power, resources, and privileges than others. Gupta's analysis of hierarchy highlights how power dynamics are often rooted in social, economic, and political factors. He examines how hierarchies are established, maintained, and legitimized within societies.

**Key Points about Hierarchy:**

- **Power and Control:** Gupta acknowledges that hierarchies are not just about differences in wealth or status; they involve unequal power dynamics where certain groups control resources and institutions.

  

- **Institutionalization:** He highlights how hierarchies become institutionalized over time, shaping various aspects of life, including education, politics, and the economy.

  

- **Social Closure:** Gupta discusses the concept of "social closure," where dominant groups restrict access to resources and opportunities to maintain their privileged position.

- **Caste and Class:** Gupta's analysis often draws from India's complex social fabric, where both caste and class hierarchies intersect. He examines how these hierarchies intertwine and influence social interactions.

**2. Difference:**

In addition to hierarchy, Gupta also explores the concept of difference as a component of social stratification. Difference refers to the distinctions and variations that exist between individuals or groups based on various attributes such as ethnicity, gender, religion, and more. Gupta's perspective on difference highlights the ways in which these variations contribute to the social stratification process.

**Key Points about Difference:**

- **Identity and Recognition:** Gupta emphasizes that differences are not inherently negative; they are markers of individual and group identities. These differences often influence how individuals are recognized and treated in society.

  

- **Intersectionality:** Gupta's analysis recognizes that individuals and groups are not defined by a single attribute but are shaped by a combination of characteristics. Intersectionality, where multiple aspects of identity intersect, plays a role in how individuals experience stratification.

  

- **Social Exclusion:** Differences can lead to social exclusion when certain groups are marginalized based on their attributes. Gupta explores how social exclusion is perpetuated and the consequences it has on individuals and society.

  

- **Cultural Significance:** Gupta emphasizes that understanding differences also involves recognizing the cultural significance of various attributes. These cultural dimensions impact how individuals and groups perceive themselves and others.

In summary, Dipankar Gupta's analytical approach to social stratification involves examining both hierarchy and difference. He acknowledges the interconnectedness of these concepts and their impact on power dynamics, social interactions, and the broader functioning of societies. Gupta's work contributes to a deeper understanding of how social inequalities are constructed, maintained, and challenged in diverse contexts.

What do you mean by caste? Discuss the key features of the caste mentioned by G.S. Ghurye? 

Caste refers to a social category or group into which individuals are born, and which typically determines their social status, occupation, and roles within a particular society. The caste system has historically been prevalent in many societies, particularly in South Asia, and has played a significant role in shaping social relationships, roles, and hierarchies.

G.S. Ghurye (1893–1983), an eminent Indian sociologist, extensively studied and wrote about the caste system. He provided a comprehensive analysis of caste and its various features. Here are some key features of the caste system as discussed by G.S. Ghurye:

1. **Ascribed Status:** Caste is an ascribed status, meaning it is determined by birth. Individuals inherit their caste membership from their parents and belong to a particular caste from the moment they are born. This ascribed status creates a fixed social identity that affects every aspect of an individual's life.

2. **Endogamy:** One of the most distinctive features of the caste system is endogamy, which refers to the practice of marrying within one's own caste. Caste endogamy helps preserve the purity and social boundaries of each caste group. Marrying outside one's caste is often discouraged or considered taboo.

3. **Occupational Specialization:** Each caste group historically had specific occupations associated with it. The division of labor based on caste often led to specialized skills and expertise within particular fields. This occupational specialization was seen as contributing to the stability of society.

4. **Hierarchy and Ranking:** Caste groups are hierarchically arranged, with certain castes being considered higher in social status than others. This hierarchy is often justified through religious and cultural narratives. Brahmins, at the top of the hierarchy, were traditionally associated with religious and intellectual pursuits, while lower castes performed manual or menial tasks.

5. **Social Restrictions:** Castes come with social restrictions and rules that govern interactions between different caste groups. Some castes were considered "polluting" and had to maintain physical distance from higher castes. The touch of lower-caste individuals could be considered contaminating to higher-caste individuals.

6. **Ritual Purity and Pollution:** Caste norms often revolve around notions of ritual purity and pollution. Certain activities, such as food habits, occupations, and interactions, were associated with ritual purity or impurity. These norms determined social interactions and relationships.

7. **Social Mobility:** While the caste system is known for its rigidity, social mobility within castes has historically been limited. However, Ghurye recognized that changes over time, including urbanization, education, and economic opportunities, have led to shifts in social mobility patterns.

8. **Regional Variation:** Ghurye highlighted that the caste system exhibits regional variations, with different practices, rankings, and even different caste names existing across various regions of India.

It's important to note that while Ghurye's analysis provides valuable insights into the caste system, there have been debates and critiques regarding his perspectives, especially in the context of modern changes and developments in caste dynamics. The caste system has evolved and adapted over time due to social, economic, and political transformations, and its contemporary manifestations can differ from historical descriptions.

Describe how the caste system is changing in Nepal? 

The caste system in Nepal has been undergoing significant changes over the years due to various social, political, and economic factors. While the traditional caste hierarchy has deeply influenced Nepali society for centuries, recent developments have brought about shifts in attitudes, practices, and policies. Here are some ways in which the caste system is changing in Nepal:

1. **Legal Reforms:** The Nepalese government has taken several steps to address caste-based discrimination and promote social equality. The 2015 Constitution of Nepal explicitly prohibits untouchability and caste-based discrimination. It also recognizes the need for affirmative action and the inclusion of marginalized groups in various sectors.

2. **Reservations and Affirmative Action:** The government has implemented policies such as reservations in educational institutions, government jobs, and political representation for marginalized groups, including Dalits. These policies aim to uplift historically disadvantaged communities and provide them with better opportunities for education and representation.

3. **Educational Attainment:** Access to education has expanded significantly in Nepal, leading to increased awareness and social mobility. Education has played a crucial role in challenging traditional caste-based restrictions and empowering individuals from lower castes to pursue diverse careers.

4. **Urbanization and Migration:** As urbanization and labor migration have increased, caste identities have often become less pronounced in urban areas and among migrants. In cities and foreign countries, people from different castes often interact on a more equal footing, and caste-based practices might be less prominent.

5. **Inter-Caste Marriages:** Inter-caste marriages have become more common, especially among younger generations. This trend challenges the strict endogamy associated with the caste system and contributes to the blurring of caste boundaries.

6. **Changing Social Attitudes:** Modernization, urbanization, and increased exposure to different cultures and ideas have led to changing social attitudes. Many individuals and communities are challenging discriminatory practices and advocating for social justice.

7. **Civil Society and Activism:** Various civil society organizations and activists are working to raise awareness about caste-based discrimination and promote social inclusion. They engage in advocacy, education, and awareness campaigns to address the issues faced by marginalized groups.

8. **Media and Technology:** Media and technology have played a role in disseminating information and challenging discriminatory practices. Social media platforms have provided spaces for discussions on caste-related issues, allowing for greater visibility and solidarity among marginalized communities.

9. **Economic Changes:** Economic changes, including shifts from traditional agrarian livelihoods to diverse economic opportunities, have contributed to changes in social dynamics. Economic success can often transcend traditional caste boundaries.

10. **Political Changes:** The political landscape of Nepal has evolved, with increasing representation of marginalized groups in political parties and leadership roles. This has influenced policy decisions and led to greater recognition of caste-based disparities.

Despite these positive changes, it's important to note that the caste system's influence still persists in many areas of Nepali society, and challenges related to discrimination and social inequality remain. Progress is gradual, and the caste system's complete eradication requires continuous efforts on multiple fronts, including education, policy reforms, and changes in societal attitudes.

**a. Roles of Colonialism in Identification and Production of Indian Tradition (Driks, 2001):**

Colonialism had a profound impact on the identification and production of Indian tradition. Dr. S.N. Driks (2001) discusses how colonial rule influenced the way Indian traditions were understood, constructed, and portrayed. The colonial encounter with India led to the reconfiguration of Indian cultural practices, histories, and identities. 

Key Points:

- **Cultural Appropriation:** Colonial powers often appropriated and manipulated indigenous practices and traditions to suit their own interests. This often involved categorizing and defining various cultural practices in ways that aligned with colonial narratives.

- **Construction of Authenticity:** Colonial rulers sometimes sought to define and legitimize "authentic" Indian traditions, often emphasizing certain cultural aspects while marginalizing others. This process contributed to the shaping of what was considered "Indian tradition."

- **Orientalism:** Orientalist perspectives emerged among colonial scholars, who interpreted Indian culture through a Eurocentric lens. This influenced how Indian traditions were studied, represented, and even commodified.

- **Cultural Hybridity:** The colonial period facilitated cultural interactions between Indians and the colonizers, leading to the emergence of hybrid cultural forms that were influenced by both indigenous and colonial elements.

- **Reinterpretation of History:** Colonialism led to the reinterpretation of Indian history, often emphasizing certain periods or narratives while disregarding others. This influenced how Indians understood their own past and identity.

**b. Dumont's Theory of Caste:**

Louis Dumont's theory of caste is a seminal contribution to the understanding of the caste system in India. Dumont's work, particularly in "Homo Hierarchicus" (1966), highlights the ideological and structural aspects of caste.

Key Points:

- **Hierarchical Nature:** Dumont emphasized that caste is not solely a system of social stratification but also an expression of a hierarchical worldview. Caste is based on principles of hierarchy, where each caste has a specific role and function in the larger social order.

- **Dharma and Ritual Purity:** Dumont highlighted the importance of dharma (duty/righteousness) and ritual purity in shaping the caste system. Each caste's dharma is determined by its position in the hierarchy, with Brahmins at the top performing religious duties and lower castes performing tasks considered less pure.

- **Interdependence:** Dumont argued that the caste system is sustained by an interdependent relationship between castes. Each caste contributes to the overall functioning of society, and their roles are valued differently based on their position in the hierarchy.

- **Holism and Hierarchy:** Dumont saw the caste system as a manifestation of a holistic worldview where everything is interconnected, but at the same time, hierarchy is intrinsic to maintaining order and balance.

**c. Fundamental Dynamics of Inter-Caste Relations in Bisipara Village (Bailey, F.G. 1957):**

F.G. Bailey's study on inter-caste relations in the Bisipara village provides insights into the dynamics of caste interactions in a specific community.

Key Points:

- **Endogamy and Exogamy:** Bailey explored how endogamy (marrying within one's own caste) and exogamy (marrying outside one's caste) influenced social relationships and maintained caste boundaries.

- **Joking Relationships:** Bailey introduced the concept of "joking relationships," where individuals from different castes engage in light-hearted banter. These interactions serve to reduce tension and maintain social harmony.

- **Caste Solidarity and Conflict:** The study illustrated how caste solidarity and cooperation were essential for various community activities, but tensions and conflicts also arose due to differences in caste status and economic disparities.

- **Economic Exchange:** Economic interactions, such as labor exchange and agricultural cooperation, played a role in fostering inter-caste relationships and mitigating conflicts.

**d. Social Inclusion/Exclusion:**

Social inclusion and exclusion refer to the processes through which individuals or groups are either integrated into or marginalized from mainstream social, economic, and political spheres.

Key Points:

- **Social Inclusion:** Inclusion involves providing equal opportunities and rights to all individuals, regardless of their background. It promotes access to education, healthcare, employment, and political participation.

- **Social Exclusion:** Exclusion refers to the marginalization and discrimination faced by certain individuals or groups due to factors such as caste, gender, ethnicity, or economic status. Excluded groups often lack access to resources and opportunities.

- **Intersectionality:** Social exclusion often results from the intersection of multiple identity factors. For example, marginalized groups may face compounded discrimination due to their caste and gender.

- **Policy Interventions:** Governments and organizations often implement policies and initiatives aimed at promoting social inclusion, reducing inequalities, and ensuring equal rights for all members of society.

- **Human Rights Perspective:** Social inclusion is closely linked to human rights principles, emphasizing the importance of dignity, equality, and non-discrimination for all individuals.

In summary, these topics provide insights into the complexities of social structures, cultural dynamics, and the challenges faced by marginalized groups. Understanding these concepts is crucial for comprehending the evolution of societies and the efforts towards creating more equitable and just communities.

What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal?

 Q. What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal? 

The Muluki Ain was a legal code introduced during Jung Bahadur Rana's reign in Nepal. It laid down various provisions related to social hierarchy, including the caste system.

The caste system mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. The system was discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality, with individuals being restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste.

It is important to note that the Muluki Ain was eventually replaced by the new Civil Code in Nepal in 2017, which removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that has existed in Nepali society for centuries. The 1854 Muluki Ain was a legal code that further entrenched and codified the caste system in Nepal.

The Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The caste system in Nepal was highly discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality. Individuals were restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste. For example, members of the lower castes were often denied education, and their employment opportunities were limited to menial jobs such as cleaning and farming. In contrast, members of the higher castes were able to access education and had access to a wider range of employment opportunities.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, it still persists in many parts of the country, and discrimination based on caste is still prevalent. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

In conclusion, the caste system in Nepal mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain was a discriminatory system of social stratification that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of Nepal. However, progress has been made in recent years, and the new Civil Code in Nepal ensures equal rights for all citizens, regardless of their caste.

Q. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. 

The caste system in Nepal, as codified in the Muluki Ain of 1854, was a hierarchical system of social stratification that divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Brahmins were at the top of the caste hierarchy and were considered the purest and most learned of all castes. They were responsible for religious rituals, such as conducting pujas and performing other religious ceremonies. The Kshatriyas were the second-highest caste and were traditionally warriors and rulers. They were responsible for defending the country and maintaining law and order.

The Vaishyas were the third-highest caste and were traditionally traders and merchants. They were responsible for economic activities and commerce. The Shudras were at the bottom of the caste hierarchy and were traditionally laborers and servants. They were responsible for menial jobs such as farming, cleaning, and other low-skilled work.

Within each caste, there were sub-castes, which further divided society based on specific occupations or professions. For example, within the Brahmin caste, there were sub-castes such as the Bahun, Chhetri, and Thakuri. Similarly, within the Shudra caste, there were sub-castes such as the Kami, Damai, and Sarki.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of the country. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

Q. Marry Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make an argument?

Marry Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal. In her research, she argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas.

Cameron's argument is based on the observation that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to Dalitscation and other opportunities. However, in rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs. She argues that the focus on urban areas has led to a neglect of the needs and experiences of rural Dalits.

Furthermore, Cameron argues that there is a need for a more nuanced approach to Dalit identity politics that takes into account the diversity of experiences and challenges faced by Dalits across different regions of Nepal. She suggests that a more inclusive approach to Dalit politics, which includes the voices and perspectives of rural Dalits, is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

In conclusion, Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. She suggests that a more inclusive approach that takes into account the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

Summary:

1. What is the caste system in Nepal? 

   - The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that divides Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

   - Within each caste, there are sub-castes that further divide society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The caste system is based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

2. What is the Muluki Ain of 1854 in Nepal? 

    

    - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The Muluki Ain was a legal code that laid down various provisions related to caste and social hierarchy in Nepal.

   - It divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

3. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste.

   - The system divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

4. Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make this argument? -

   - Mary Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal.

   - She argues that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to education and other opportunities.

   - In rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

   - Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs.

Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia, between China and India.

Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia, between China and India. It is known for its beautiful mountains, including the world's highest peak, Mount Everest. The country has a rich culture and history, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the dominant religions. The official language of Nepal is Nepali, but many other languages are also spoken there. The capital and largest city of Nepal is Kathmandu.

That's why the World Cup in Qatar cannot be watched from Nepal. | Click here to watch the first match of the World Cup, which is starting in Qatar, for free

That's why the World Cup in Qatar cannot be watched from Nepal.

There is a possibility that Nepali viewers will not be able to watch the live broadcast of the FIFA World Cup, which is about to start in Qatar. With the single bench of the Supreme Court judge Prakashman Singh Raut giving an interim order to keep the World Cup broadcasting as it is, the possibility that Nepalese viewers will not be able to watch it has increased.

Finally started MDMS, no more illegal mobile in Nepal

Finally, Nepal Telecommunication Authority has implemented Mobile Device Management System (MDMS). This system, which was said to be implemented for a long time, was put into operation by the regulator on Thursday.

Coronavirus Nepal: Answers to your questions about the covid vaccine

Can a person who is undergoing treatment for a disease or chronic disease safely receive such a vaccine?

Mahakali Treaty: After 27 years Oli admits 'weakness', these are the three main 'mistakes' made by Nepal

About 27 years after the signing of the Mahakali Treaty, the Chairman of CPN-UML and former Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli, one of the people who played a role in getting the treaty approved by the Parliament, said that "there are some weaknesses" in the treaty.

Risks of using citamole indiscriminately

It is not easy to come to the hospital. That is why some people take medication on their own when they have minor problems. Paracetamol has been used indiscriminately by many.

People use citamole as an easy way to cure the disease, even though it is easily available in the market and has no immediate side effects. But the continued use of such drugs for short periods of time can lead to serious problems. Its excessive use can have serious effects on various organs of the body including the kidneys and liver.

According to doctors, the use of more than three grams of paracetamol daily can be fatal to health. Therefore, doctors advise not to use paracetamol without advice.

If a pregnant woman takes paracetamol without a doctor's advice, it will interfere with the physical development of the unborn baby.

Prolonged use of paracetamol, which is used to reduce pain, can damage the kidneys. Prolonged use of paracetamol can cause flatulence. Also, you may feel indigestion or a heavy stomach. Similarly, in some people, excessive intake of citamole can cause skin redness, itchy skin, burning, etc., which can be caused by skin allergies.

Children are given paracetamol if they have a mild fever or need to reduce the fever. However, many studies have shown that giving paracetamol to children from the age of six to seven years causes asthma symptoms in their bodies. According to the World Health Organization, paracetamol should be given only after a child has a fever of 101 degrees.

Taking paracetamol without a doctor's advice for jaundice, jaundice, or liver problems can make the liver worse. If you have this problem, it is important to consult a doctor before taking your own medicine.

According to a study by the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, USA, excessive use of paracetamol also increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Researchers living in Washington, D.C., tested blood samples from 6,500 elderly people over a six-year period. Nine percent of the 577 people found excessive use of paracetamol.

How to avoid motion sickness on long-distance travel

Decades of activity are on the rise in Corona. Temporary settlers in the city are beginning to return to their homes. It is said that the number of people leaving Kathmandu is also increasing.

The long journey is not so easy now. However, for some, even on a normal day, a long journey can be difficult. As soon as they get in the car, they start feeling unwell. The smell of the car and the hot steam make it muddy. I feel nauseous throughout the journey. Vomiting comes. The body relaxes. Headache. This problem happens to many.

This type of travel problem is called motion sickness. This is a problem that lasts only for the duration of the trip. It does not have a long-term effect.

Not everyone has the problem of motion sickness. For those who have to deal with this problem, the long journey is very difficult. Is there any way to make a comfortable and enjoyable journey in such a situation?

There are some ways to do this. These methods can be used before traveling.

If someone has a headache or vomiting problem while sitting in the car, sit in the front or middle seat of the car. Sitting in the back seat can cause motion sickness. Which can cause vomiting. Motion sickness can also be caused by a hungry stomach or an empty stomach. If someone has motion sickness during the journey, drinking lemon water also provides relief from motion sickness. When traveling by car, keep reading and writing away and look straight ahead. Motion sickness can also be caused by looking out of the window during the journey.

Ginger consumption can also prevent motion sickness or vomiting. Ginger contains antimatter. An antiemetic is an ingredient that prevents vomiting or dizziness. Clove is also one of the various diseases that prevent motion sickness. Putting cloves in the mouth also prevents vomiting.

 What is a hepatic hernia?

Even so, Nepalis are more prone to stomach ailments. Most suffer from gastric and other problems. One such problem is a hernia.

Flatulence and constipation can be symptoms not only when eating, but also at other times. Of course, indigestion and acidity also cause such problems. However, even under normal circumstances, if the stomach becomes heavy and bloated, it may not be just acidity or indigestion, it may be a hepatic hernia.

Usually, our esophagus reaches the stomach through the valley. In the middle of this is a small part that separates the two areas of the body into two parts, called the hiatal, keeping the chest away from the abdomen. In some cases, the hiatus tends to be slightly larger than normal. In this case, some part of the hiatal in the lower part of the abdomen moves upwards. This condition is called hiatal hernia in medical parlance.

Symptoms of hiatal hernia

- In the case of hiatal hernia, it is felt that the food comes up immediately after eating.

-The stomach is heavy and the stomach feels full and the food is in the upper part of the stomach.

- Hetal hernia tends to increase acidity. Chest burning and pain may occur several times.

Symptoms of hiatal hernia include difficulty swallowing, food stuttering, shortness of breath, indigestion, and nausea.

Way to escape

- Do not eat very greasy, spicy and spicy food

- Do not sleep immediately after eating. Otherwise, the food may move from the stomach to the esophagus, causing problems.

- When eating food, chew it with pleasure. And, eat little by little so that the food you eat is easily digested.

- Weight should be controlled. This is because if you have a hiatal hernia due to excess weight, you may feel heaviness or pressure in the abdomen.

- Alcohol, tea, coffee, and other extremely hot things should not be consumed.

 What is appendicitis?

The body has an organ called the appendix. The appendix is ​​a thin, short tube about 2 to 3 inches long. Pain in the same appendix is ​​called appendicitis.

In the early stages of this problem, there is frequent pain in the middle part of the abdomen. Within a few hours, the right lower abdomen begins to ache. Where there is a problem with the appendix. At that time the abdominal pain becomes serious. This pain is exacerbated when walking or coughing.

Problems such as loss of appetite and red eyes can be seen during appendicitis. There are two types of appendicitis.

1 Acute appendicitis

2 Chronic or permanent appendicitis

The acute appendix develops rapidly while the chronic appendix lasts longer. If someone suffers from appendicitis, they should have surgery to remove it from their abdomen as soon as possible. Doctors say that if a person has an appendix and there is no cure, there is no alternative to surgery.

What is acute and chronic appendicitis?

1. Acute appendicitis

Acute. It develops rapidly in the body as its name implies. It usually develops in a few hours or days. It usually develops in a few hours or a few days. It requires surgery for immediate treatment.

2 Chronic appendicitis

The pain lasts for a long time. In the case of appendicitis, it is only 1.5 percent of total appendicitis. Chronic appendicitis tends to build up slowly. This is what causes pain.

Symptoms of appendicitis

Its early signs and symptoms are often very mild. Symptoms such as stomach problems, loss of appetite, etc. are seen. Then the pain gradually increases.

It is difficult to tell the exact location of the pain to the patient.

Symptoms of appendicitis:

- Mild pain in the upper part of the navel or abdomen and gradually increasing the pain on the right side of the lower part.

- Not feeling hungry

- Vomiting after the onset of pain in the body

- Fever from 99 to 102 degrees

- Mild or severe pain in the upper part of the abdomen and lower part or rectum

- Having trouble urinating

- Stomach cramps

Causes of appendicitis

Generally speaking, the appendix develops only when a sac in the abdomen called 'Sikum' is filled with the disorder.

There can be many causes of appendicitis, although some are not specifically established. Here are some of the reasons.

- Intestinal disease

- When there is an infection in the body, there is a swollen part on the wall of the bag

- Closing of the appendix lumen may exacerbate this condition.

- Abdominal injuries are also a cause.

How to avoid the appendix?

There is no alternative to regular health check-ups to avoid the appendix. Therefore, it is essential to check the condition of all the organs of your body.

Treatment of appendicitis is an emergency treatment. If such patients do not get effective treatment immediately, the patient may die. So it is not appropriate to rely on natural remedies for this. However, some treatment methods may work in times of discomfort.

Such natural remedies tend to be more important in obstructing the development of the appendix than in stopping it once it is ready.

For example, the use of ginger, garlic, fenugreek seeds, fresh lemon, basil, vegetable juice, water, etc. plays a role in reducing appendicitis.

 Heart is needed

The screams and other foods we eat accumulate a lot of cholesterol in the body, which prevents the heart from doing its job. This can cause heartburn and even a heart attack.

Heart problems are caused due to blockage, swelling, burning, poor lifestyle, stress, and other heart-related problems. Cholesterol causes only 30 percent of heart problems. By adopting a healthy lifestyle to make heart-healthy, heart-related diseases can be prevented.

To avoid heart disease

Eating - fresh, nutritious, healthy, and balanced food keeps the heart strong and healthy. While a poor diet can lead to heart disease. Processed, sugary, fatty, artificial, alcoholic foods are considered harmful to the heart.

Exercise - Being overweight means accumulating extra fat around our waists. This can lead to heart problems. Exercising regularly every day can prevent heart-related diseases. Eating a healthy diet and exercising will reduce the risk of heart disease.

Stress-free - To control stress, you need to meditate and do stress-free exercises.

Sleep - Insomnia is a problem in itself. It causes obesity, high blood pressure, heart attack, and diabetes. So adequate and deep sleep is essential. Sleep also plays a role in keeping the heart-healthy.

In today's stressful lifestyle, the risk of heart disease is increasing day by day. This is why many are at risk of a heart attack. You need to be stress-free to keep your heart healthy. Also, an active lifestyle and healthy eating reduce the risk of heart disease.

Follow this table

- It is suitable to have breakfast in the morning. You should also eat a mid-day meal on time.

-Salt use should be reduced as much as possible.

- Let's eat low-fat food.

- Let's eat fresh green vegetables and fruits.

-The more colorful the fruit, the more beneficial it is for health.

- Let's give up the habit of smoking.

- Use olive oil as much as possible for cooking.

- Get enough sleep. When you can't sleep well, it increases the body's stress hormones and clogs the arteries.

-Sitting in the same position in the same place for hours is not good for heart health.

-Some time to go out for exercise. Exercise at least half an hour every day. This reduces the risk of heart attack by one third.

-Stress is harmful to heart health. The chemicals that are secreted into the brain due to stress damage all the systems of the heart.

Home method

Because of heart problems, they will be able to use the following home remedies.

-Drink water and lemon juice regularly.

-Eat seasonal fruits, lychees, apples.

-Eat pindalu as a vegetable.

- Add yogurt to food.

Corona: Does herd immunity spread every year until it develops?

Many are now wondering, "When will the risk of the coronavirus end?" However, some vaccines are still being tested, but no real breakthrough has been achieved.

When will the coronavirus be the most common disease in the world? No one in the world today can answer that question. Scientists are conducting research and are not sure how long it will take for the coronavirus to be vaccinated. All that has been said about it is speculation.

A group of scientists recently said after research that the current problem of the coronavirus will not be solved until the herd develops immunity. Herd immunity is a public health belief that after 70 percent of the population is infected with corona, the rest develop antibodies on their own. Many scientific studies have concluded that the epidemic will not end until a large population develops antibodies against the coronavirus.

The concept of herd immunity is already emerging. Some countries have even used it. Scientists have also pointed out that the Covina virus-transmitted Covid-19 infection could be caused by seasonal raisins in countries with large differences in temperature.

Dr. Hassan Jarquet of the American University of Beirut in Lebanon says, "Even if the infection here is reduced now, it spreads every year until herd immunity develops." "Now we have to learn to live with the coronavirus. Prevention should be practiced by wearing masks, maintaining physical distance, washing hands, and taking necessary measures to get rid of congestion, ”said Jarrett.

Similarly, Dr. Qatar University in Doha. Hadi Yassin also says that one should learn to live with the coronavirus until the development of herd immunity.

More danger in rising temperatures!

Scientists also say that many communicable diseases, including respiratory viruses, recur regularly. People are especially at risk, especially in areas where the temperature fluctuates sharply. For example, influenza and other types of coronavirus can spread in winter or in cold places. Researchers in this study studied SARS-COVE-2 and found that it already had the property of being viral and spreading. At the same time, the cost factor was needed to keep repeating as a seasonal problem, which is also seen in it.

Crowds in closed spaces are dangerous

Scientists say the virus can stay on the surface for days, as well as in the air for hours. Because of this, people are at higher risk of contracting the virus. The virus can spread very fast due to heavy crowds in closed places. They believe that the virus can attack many times a year, especially during hot weather and in humid places.

The virus will be stopped by natural infection or vaccination

Scientists say that herd immunity develops in two ways. The first after a natural virus attack and the second using a vaccine.

COVID 19 infection spreads faster than the flu, making people more vulnerable than others. As the immune system gradually develops, the virus will begin to develop as a seasonal disease. This is because other types of coronaviruses such as NL63, HKU1, etc. also spread like influenza every year.

 A bad environment makes people feel inferior

The problem of suicides in Nepal during the Great Earthquake of 2072 BS was gradually brought under control shortly after that. In contrast, in countries such as Japan and Taiwan, the suicide rate has been declining for the past two years, according to international media reports. Although it is not certain how many people committed suicide during the earthquake in Nepal, it is undeniable that there were more suicides during that time than at normal.

Suicide rates have risen alarmingly even during the ongoing lockdown and curfew caused by the Coronavirus COVID 19. This problem was created when there was uneasiness in the mind due to the fear of when the earthquake will take its life.

At the time of the earthquake, only a few areas of Nepal were affected. This was a problem for the employment of some people in the area, while those living abroad were able to earn a living. But almost five years after the quake, the epidemic has affected the world, and it is estimated that there are more psychiatric problems than ever before. However, due to the lack of clear study on this, it has not been possible to say with certainty.

Even before the local administration issued the injunction, it was reported that about 1,200 people had committed suicide across the country. This is just a death toll. There are no definite statistics on the number of people suffering from depression who are on the verge of death, and it is difficult to estimate the number of patients who have died.

There have been unconfirmed reports that 2,000 people have committed suicide since the lockdown began. Thus, 2,000 people committing suicide in six months is a terrible form of mental problem. In the beginning, it is important to know why mental problems occur and at what stage people commit suicide.

Psychology considers the first stage of depression to be the first person to suffer from an inferiority complex. The illusion that life does not exist even when some work is not done can arise in your mind. If this is the case then maybe we should contact a psychologist or a psychiatrist. Then there are the conditions of mental problems that gradually become a burden in society, plan to die, try to die, commit suicide, etc.

No matter how many suicide problems there are today, these are all issues related to mental health. Mental problems are the main reason people commit suicide. Therefore, we have to look for a solution to the mental problem from the very beginning.

In which areas are there more problems?

Without a detailed study, there is no basis to say that people in this area are very involved in mental problems and suicides. However, based on the number of people who come for counseling in general, it has been found that school-age adolescents and those who have left their jobs are very mentally deranged.

Adolescents who enjoy regular homework and socializing with their friends are more likely to suffer from mental retardation when they are not able to visit their friends for long periods of time. Extracurricular activities also kept people busy. But now that all those activities have stopped, there seems to be a problem for many. On the other hand, the pain of being fired from a job due to the Kovid epidemic has also caused mental problems in many people. There are also examples of people committing suicide as they worry about how to support their families.

How to avoid it?

It is unknown at this time what he will do after leaving the post. There is still a lot of anxiety in people. Due to that, mental problems are also increasing. Some methods have to be adopted for its prevention.

First of all, there are various signs or symptoms of mental illness. As soon as these symptoms appear, you should go for psychotherapy. The role of society is also important for this. Mental problems are a disease that can never be cured, just as a society often ignores them and treats them inwardly without much treatment. If the mental problem seen in different stages could not be solved in time, then the mental problem is seen in the next stage, so it is necessary to pay attention to its solution.

Mental problems are largely cured through psychotherapy. If you have some complex mental problems, you may need to take medicine for it but it is cured. Some people have the illusion that it is a completely curable disease once the medicine is taken. Therefore, people with such a disease should seek treatment in time rather than considering themselves weak.