What are the health risks of repeatedly frying samosas and jerry in oil?

 What are the health risks of repeatedly frying samosas and jerry in oil?

Experts say, ‘Reusing oil increases the risk of heart attack, cancer and other diseases.’

Repeated heating of oil has a negative impact on health as it causes chemical changes and increases the amount of trans-fat.

It is recommended to store oil properly and use new oil.

Often, samosas, pakodas, jerry, etc. are cooked in the same oil repeatedly in chowks and markets. Some people even use the remaining oil after cooking food once in their own homes and kitchens. What happens when oil is used repeatedly in this way?

Experts say, ‘Reusing oil increases the risk of heart attack, cancer and other diseases.’

Not only at home but also in restaurants and roadside stalls, food is prepared by reheating oil. This has a negative impact on health. This can be responsible for many diseases, says senior nutritionist Bhupal Baniya.

Health effects of reusing oil

1. Chemical changes and increase in trans-fat

Repeated heating of cooking oil changes its chemical and nutritional properties. According to a study published in the Journal of Food Science and Technology (2021), repeated heating of oil increases the amount of ‘total polar compounds’, which is harmful to health.

These compounds damage the structure of the oil and increase the level of trans-fat. Bania says that trans-fat increases the risk of heart disease by increasing the amount of bad cholesterol.

According to a study published in the Journal of Nutrition 2020, reheated oil produces free radicals, which damage cells. Free radicals cause oxidative stress, which increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

2. Cancer risk

Harvard T.H. A study by the Chan School of Public Health (2022) noted that reheated oil produces toxic substances such as aldehydes.

These substances can damage DNA, which encourages the growth of cancer cells. In particular, the oil used in fried foods is repeatedly heated, which increases the amount of these toxins, Bania said.

According to a study published in the International Journal of Cancer (2019), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in reheated oil increase the risk of cancer in the lungs, skin and other organs. This risk is especially high in fried foods in hotels and restaurants, where the oil is heated for a long time.

3. Inflammation

Reheated oil promotes inflammation. According to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2021), the production of free radicals and other harmful compounds in reheated oil damages blood cells. Chronic inflammation can lead to diseases like heart disease, joint pain, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis.

4. Bacterial infections

When food particles remain in the oil, they encourage the growth of bacteria, says nutritionist Ayush Adhikari. He says, “If used oil is not stored properly, it can lead to the growth of bacteria like Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism. This is a serious food poisoning that can cause muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and other complications.”

5. Increase in cholesterol and acidity

According to a study published in the European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology (2023), the amount of saturated fat and oxidized lipids in repeatedly heated oil increases.

These compounds increase cholesterol levels, which harm the heart and blood vessels. In addition, the use of such oil can cause acidity, gas and digestive problems in the stomach, said Adhikari.

Ways to avoid reusing oil

Adhikari says that reusing oil can be avoided by cooking less. He says, "Do not use more oil than necessary and cook in small quantities. This reduces the chances of oil remaining."

You should try to use fresh oil every time you cook. If oil remains, he suggests storing it properly. After the used oil cools down, it should be carefully filtered to remove food particles. This prevents the growth of bacteria, said Adhikari.

"If oil is left over while cooking, it should be stored properly," says Adhikari. "The oil should be stored in a cool and dry place, away from sunlight and heat. Keeping it in the refrigerator reduces the growth of bacteria."

To avoid health problems caused by reusing oil, nutritionist Baniya suggests staying away from fast food and packet food. “These foods should be consumed less frequently as heated oil is frequently used in roadside stalls and restaurants,” says Bania.

He also says that it is important to avoid heating oil for a long time while cooking.

“When cooking, use mustard oil, olive oil or other oils with low saturated fat,” suggests Bania. “These oils are less harmful to heart health.”

Different oils have different smoke points. For example, olive oil is suitable for use at low heat, while sunflower or canola oil can be used at high heat. He also suggests paying attention to these things.

According to Bania, if there is a change in the color, smell or texture of the oil, it should be discarded. No. Such oil may contain high levels of harmful compounds, so the quality of the oil should be checked before use.

What should be the diet and lifestyle during the rainy season?

 What should be the diet and lifestyle during the rainy season?

The rainy season lasts from Asar to Bhadra. According to Ayurveda, various changes occur in the body during this time.

Light and digestible food and regular hygiene and exercise are necessary during this time.

Health and immunity can be increased during the rainy season by adopting home remedies and precautions.

The rainy season adorns Nepal, including the Indian subcontinent, from Asar to Bhadra. According to Ayurveda, the rainy season is associated with the elements of water and air. This time is a time of nourishment and transformation. It is believed that during this season, there are significant changes in the properties of the atmosphere and environment, which can affect our physical and mental health.

This season is considered a period of purification and removal of toxins because rain is seen as a natural cleanser, which washes away toxins and impurities from the atmosphere and the earth.

There are generally 6 seasons in Nepal. Ayurveda science has a special discussion on routine and seasonal habits. Each season has a separate description of diet, habits and lifestyle.

Dr. Dipen Devkota MD, Kayachitika

The rainy season, i.e. the rainy season, which usually falls from Asar to Bhadra, is considered a very sensitive time for our body. According to Ayurveda, the environment is cold and humid during this time, which can be a major cause of imbalance in the Vata dosha in the body.

In addition, when the summer heat ends and the cold begins, our digestive power also weakens, which is called ‘Mandagni’ in Ayurveda. Therefore, during the rainy season, food is not digested properly, gas, indigestion, joint pain, fatigue, laziness, skin diseases, colds and other problems may appear.

Therefore, Ayurveda emphasizes the need to take special care during the rainy season. To keep the body in balance during this time, special attention should be paid to diet, sleep, exercise and thinking. Keeping all these things in mind and following the seasons is called Ritucharya in Ayurveda.

What to eat during the rainy season?

During the rainy season, eating too much oily, spicy, sour or cold food is not good for our body. Therefore, we should eat light and digestible food during the rainy season. It is considered best to use a diet rich in sweet, sour, salty and fatty foods. It is good to eat foods made from old barley, wheat and sali rice dishes like anna. Similarly, foods such as meat of land animals and meat juice processed with spices, khichdi, hot dal rice, dal soup, wine made from grapes, corn bread, hot vegetable soup, and greens are suitable.

It is good to drink hot water. It is better to avoid eating raw milk, curd, chiura, ice cream, cold drinks during this time, because such foods increase the problems of gas, indigestion as well as vata and phlegm.

It is good to use sesame oil, ginger, cumin, asafoetida, turmeric, pepper, etc. in food, which strengthens the digestive power and balances vata and phlegm. It is best to eat hot food as much as possible, on time and in small quantities.

What to do from morning to night?

It is considered good to wake up early in the morning during the rainy season. Massaging the body with oil improves blood circulation and reduces joint pain. It is good to take a warm bath after massaging with sesame oil. Then you can do light exercises or yoga, such as Vajrasana, Trikonasana or Shavasana. Serious exercises, excessive intercourse or running too much should not be done, because the digestive power is weak.

Putting 2-2 drops of sesame oil or neem oil in the nose in the morning can prevent cold, headache or allergy. To avoid cold, it is necessary to wear warm, light clothes and keep the body dry. It is not good to sleep during the day during the rainy season, it weakens the digestive system even more. You should eat light food at night. Do not sleep immediately after eating, it is better to wait at least 2 hours. The bed should be clean and comfortable. You should sleep with your body covered to avoid back pain or cold.

Natural Treatments and Home Remedies

Since the immune system decreases during the rainy season, it is good to take some Ayurvedic medicines regularly. Triphala, Guduchi (Giloy), Haritaki, Dashamool, Hingwashtak powder, etc. are helpful in improving digestion and increasing the immune system. Ginger and honey, basil leaves, turmeric water, pepper, etc. can be used at home. Boiling basil, ginger and pepper in hot water once a day and drinking it can prevent colds, coughs and infections.

Water, environment and our behavior

Special precautions should be taken while drinking water in the rain. Drink lukewarm water that has been boiled and cooled as much as possible. Do not drink water from rivers, tanks or mud. Also, walking in water, getting wet or staying in very cold places can cause diseases in the body.

If your clothes get wet, dry them immediately. It is advisable to carry an umbrella or wear a raincoat when going out to protect yourself from rain or getting wet. It is very important to keep the area around the house clean, to prevent the accumulation of garbage, to prevent water from stagnating, and to prevent the spread of weeds.

Washing your hands regularly with soap and water, especially before eating, and keeping your surroundings clean can help prevent the spread of diseases. It is also important to avoid things like overexertion and prolonged exposure to the sun.

Mental and emotional health

Due to less sunlight and the outbreak of asthma during the rainy season, some people may feel mentally tired, irritable, or sad. Therefore, it may be a good idea to think positively, engage in laughter, meditate and yoga, listen to music, or read a favorite book.

Advice for children, the elderly and the sick

Children, the elderly and those who are already sick should take special care during the rainy season. Keeping them warm, feeding them hot food, protecting them from cold and giving them regular oil massages will increase their immunity. It is important to consult a doctor before using any medicine.

Although the rainy season is naturally a pleasant time, it is challenging for the body. If we adopt a seasonal lifestyle as prescribed by Ayurveda, we can live a healthy, energetic and disease-free life even during the rainy season. By following Ayurvedic Ritucharya by adopting cheap, easy and home remedies, the body gains the strength to fight diseases on its own.

What happens in the body when we are in deep sleep?

 What happens in the body when we are in deep sleep?

Sleep is as necessary as nutritious food and pure water. Why do people feel sleepy? Why is it necessary to sleep? To know these mysteries, another important question is necessary, ‘What happens in our body when we are in deep sleep?’

Why do we feel sleepy?

Sleep also has stages. It is mainly divided into two parts. The first is rapid eye movement. The second is non-rapid eye movement. Apart from this, there are three more stages, which are called N-1, N-2 and N-3.

Out of these, N-3 is the deep sleep stage. It is also called wave sleep. We usually enter this stage within the first two hours of sleep. That is, we reach deep sleep. This is repeated in short periods throughout the night.

During this stage, i.e. deep sleep, the brain produces delta waves. This wave slows down brain activity and puts the body into a deep state of rest. It is very difficult to wake people up in this state. Even if they wake up, they often feel confused or unfocused.

Processes that occur in the body during deep sleep

During deep sleep, the body carries out various physical processes that play an important role in maintaining health and functionality.

1. Cell repair and growth

During deep sleep, the body repairs and regenerates cells. During this period, the production of growth hormone is high. Especially in children and adolescents. This hormone helps in the growth and repair of muscles, bones and other cells. In adults, this hormone also plays an important role in healing injuries, strengthening muscles and repairing cells.

During this time, the body also accelerates protein synthesis, which helps in regenerating damaged cells and building new cells.

2. Increases immunity

During deep sleep, the immune system is strengthened. During this time, the body produces proteins like cytokines, which are necessary to fight infection. Lack of sleep weakens the immune system.

Sleep promotes the activity of T-cells and other immune cells. These cells destroy viruses and bacteria that enter the body. Vaccines are also more effective in people who get enough sleep.

3. Brain cleansing and memory

During deep sleep, the brain cleanses itself and strengthens memory. In this process, it removes toxins and waste from the brain. Deep sleep also helps in increasing memory. The things learned throughout the day are organized in the brain and converted into long-term memory. This process is driven by the interaction between the hippocampus and the neocortex.

4. Energy storage and digestion

During deep sleep, the body's digestive rate decreases, which conserves energy. Heart rate, breathing, and body temperature decrease, which allows the body to rest. During this period, the body controls glucose utilization and improves insulin sensitivity, which reduces the risk of diabetes.

Sleep also controls levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. If sleep is lacking, cortisol levels increase, which increases the risk of stress, anxiety, and obesity.

5. Heart Health

Sleep helps keep the heart and circulatory system healthy. Blood pressure and heart rate decrease during this time, which relaxes the heart. People who get regular sleep have a lower risk of high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. In addition, during this time, the body also focuses on repairing blood vessels and reducing inflammation.

Effects of sleep deprivation

If sleep deprivation occurs, various body systems are negatively affected. Sleep deprivation weakens memory, reduces immunity, increases stress, and imbalances in digestion. In the long term, sleep deprivation increases the risk of diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease, depression, and Alzheimer's.

How to get a good night's sleep?

Regular sleep schedule: Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.

Sleeping environment: A quiet, dark, and comfortable room.

Limit screen time: Reduce mobile and computer use before bed.

Healthy lifestyle: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and stress management.

What are the key benefits of insurance? What are premiums?

 What are the key benefits of insurance? What are premiums?

# **Understanding Insurance: Key Benefits and the Role of Premiums**

Insurance plays a vital role in financial planning, providing protection against unexpected risks and fostering peace of mind. Whether it’s safeguarding your health, life, property, or business, insurance serves as a safety net when uncertainties strike. In this blog, we’ll explore the **key benefits of insurance** and break down an essential concept: **premiums**.  

---

## **What Are the Key Benefits of Insurance?**

Insurance offers numerous advantages, making it a cornerstone of financial security. Here are the most significant benefits:

### **1. Financial Protection**

Life is unpredictable, and unexpected events like illnesses, accidents, or natural disasters can result in substantial financial burdens. Insurance mitigates these risks by covering the associated costs, ensuring you don’t have to drain your savings or incur debt.

- **Example:** Health insurance covers expensive medical treatments, while auto insurance pays for repairs and liability after an accident.

---

### **2. Peace of Mind**

Knowing you are financially protected allows you to focus on your goals without constant worry about “what if” scenarios. Insurance brings emotional security, reducing stress about potential future losses.

- **Example:** Life insurance ensures that your family’s needs will be met even if you are no longer there to provide for them.

---

### **3. Legal Compliance**

Certain types of insurance are mandatory by law. Compliance with these requirements not only protects you but also safeguards others who may be impacted by your actions.

- **Example:** Auto insurance is required in most countries to cover liability for accidents. Similarly, businesses may need workers’ compensation insurance to protect employees.

---

### **4. Risk Management and Sharing**

Insurance operates on the principle of risk pooling. By spreading risks across many policyholders, insurers can compensate those who experience losses without overwhelming financial strain on any one person.

- **Example:** When a natural disaster damages homes, homeowners’ insurance allows those affected to recover financially while others in the pool continue contributing premiums.

---

### **5. Encouragement to Save**

Certain types of insurance, like life insurance, combine protection with savings or investment benefits. These policies accumulate cash value over time, which can be used for future needs like retirement or education.

- **Example:** Whole life insurance offers a death benefit along with a savings component that grows over time.

---

### **6. Coverage for Businesses**

Insurance is crucial for businesses to protect against risks such as property damage, liability claims, and employee injuries. It ensures business continuity even in adverse situations.

- **Example:** Cyber insurance shields businesses from financial losses caused by data breaches or cyberattacks.

---

### **7. Tax Benefits**

In many countries, insurance premiums and payouts can provide tax advantages, making it an attractive financial tool.

- **Example:** Life insurance premiums may qualify for tax deductions, and the death benefit is often tax-free.

---

## **What Are Premiums in Insurance?**

At the heart of any insurance policy is the concept of **premiums**—the price you pay for coverage. Understanding premiums is crucial to making informed decisions about your insurance needs.

---

### **1. Definition of Premiums**

A premium is the amount of money a policyholder pays to an insurance company in exchange for coverage. Premiums can be paid periodically (monthly, quarterly, or annually) or as a lump sum, depending on the policy terms.

- **Example:** If you pay $100 per month for car insurance, that amount is your premium.

---

### **2. Factors Influencing Premiums**

Insurance premiums are not one-size-fits-all. They are determined by several factors that assess the level of risk you represent to the insurer:

- **Type of Insurance:** Different policies have different cost structures (e.g., health insurance premiums are based on medical history, while auto insurance considers driving records).  

- **Risk Profile:** Age, health status, occupation, lifestyle, and geographic location affect premiums.  

- **Coverage Amount:** Higher coverage limits and broader policies result in higher premiums.  

- **Deductibles:** Policies with higher deductibles (the amount you pay before the insurer covers the rest) often have lower premiums.  

- **Claims History:** A history of frequent claims may increase your premiums.  

---

### **3. Why Are Premiums Necessary?**

Premiums fund the insurance pool, enabling insurers to pay claims when policyholders experience losses. By collecting premiums from a large group of people, insurers ensure they have the financial resources to cover risks.

- **Example:** In health insurance, premiums paid by all members of the pool help fund medical expenses for those who require treatments.

---

### **4. How Are Premiums Paid?**

Premiums can be structured to suit the policyholder’s preferences:  

- **Regular Payments:** Monthly, quarterly, or annual payments.  

- **One-Time Payment:** Single-premium policies for long-term coverage, such as specific life insurance plans.  

---

### **5. Can Premiums Change Over Time?**

Yes, premiums can fluctuate based on:  

- Changes in risk factors (e.g., health deterioration, aging).  

- Market conditions or regulatory changes.  

- Adjustments in coverage or deductible levels.  

---

## **Conclusion**

Insurance is a cornerstone of financial stability, offering protection, peace of mind, and risk management. By understanding the role of premiums and their importance in the insurance process, you can make better decisions about the coverage that suits your needs and budget.  

Insurance is not just about managing risk; it’s about building a secure future for yourself and your loved ones. Whether you’re insuring your health, life, car, or home, having the right coverage ensures you’re prepared for life’s uncertainties while safeguarding your financial well-being.  

What are the 4 basic types of insurance? How does insurance work?

 What are the 4 basic types of insurance? How does insurance work?

### **The Four Basic Types of Insurance**

Insurance can be categorized into several types, but four basic types are widely recognized as essential for individuals and families. These are:

---

### **1. Life Insurance**  

**Purpose:** Provides financial support to your family or dependents in the event of your death.

- **How It Works:**  

  - The policyholder pays premiums to the insurer.  

  - If the policyholder passes away while the policy is active, the insurer pays a death benefit to the beneficiaries.  

  - Policies can be **term-based** (covering a specific time period) or **permanent** (lifetime coverage with savings/investment components).

- **Key Features:**  

  - Protects loved ones from financial hardship.  

  - Can help cover debts, education expenses, or daily living costs.  

---

### **2. Health Insurance**  

**Purpose:** Covers medical expenses, including doctor visits, surgeries, and prescriptions.  

- **How It Works:**  

  - The policyholder pays premiums and sometimes additional costs like deductibles or copayments.  

  - The insurer covers eligible healthcare expenses according to the terms of the policy.  

  - Coverage may be for preventive care, emergencies, chronic illnesses, or specialist treatments.  

- **Key Features:**  

  - Prevents financial strain from high medical costs.  

  - Often provided by employers or purchased individually.  

---

### **3. Auto Insurance**  

**Purpose:** Provides financial protection for vehicle-related risks, including accidents, theft, and damage.  

- **How It Works:**  

  - Drivers pay premiums based on factors like driving history, vehicle type, and location.  

  - In the event of an accident or covered event, the insurer compensates for damages or injuries up to the policy limits.  

- **Key Features:**  

  - Liability coverage is often mandatory in most jurisdictions.  

  - Additional coverage options include collision and comprehensive policies.  

---

### **4. Property Insurance**  

**Purpose:** Protects homes, buildings, and personal belongings against risks like fire, theft, and natural disasters.  

- **How It Works:**  

  - Policyholders pay premiums based on the value of the property and the type of coverage.  

  - If damage or loss occurs due to a covered peril, the insurer pays for repairs or replacements.  

- **Key Features:**  

  - Includes homeowners insurance, renters insurance, and landlord policies.  

  - May cover both the structure and its contents.  

---

### **How Does Insurance Work?**

Insurance is a financial arrangement where risk is transferred from an individual or entity (the insured) to an insurance company (the insurer). Here's a step-by-step explanation:

#### **1. Application and Underwriting**  

- The policyholder applies for coverage, providing details about their risk profile (e.g., health, property value, driving record).  

- The insurer assesses the risk (underwriting) to decide:  

  - Whether to offer coverage.  

  - The premium amount based on the level of risk.  

#### **2. Paying Premiums**  

- The insured pays regular premiums (monthly, quarterly, or annually) to keep the policy active.  

- These payments form a pool of funds used by the insurer to cover claims.

#### **3. Coverage Period**  

- The policy specifies the terms, including:  

  - What is covered (e.g., medical bills, vehicle damage).  

  - Exclusions (what isn’t covered).  

  - Policy limits (the maximum amount the insurer will pay).  

#### **4. Filing a Claim**  

- If a covered event occurs, the insured files a claim with the insurer.  

- The insurer evaluates the claim to verify if the event is covered and determines the payout amount.

#### **5. Compensation**  

- If approved, the insurer compensates the insured for the covered losses, either by paying directly to service providers (e.g., hospitals, repair shops) or reimbursing the insured.  

#### **6. Risk Pooling**  

- Insurance companies rely on pooling risk.  

  - Many people pay premiums, but only a small percentage file claims.  

  - This allows insurers to cover large losses for those who experience them.  

---

### **Key Principles That Govern Insurance**

1. **Utmost Good Faith:** Both parties must provide complete and honest information.  

2. **Indemnity:** The insured is compensated to restore them to their financial position before the loss (not for profit).  

3. **Insurable Interest:** The insured must have a legitimate interest in the item or person insured.  

4. **Proximate Cause:** Only losses caused directly by covered events are eligible for compensation.  

---

### **Benefits of Insurance**

- **Financial Protection:** Shields against unexpected costs.  

- **Legal Compliance:** Certain types (e.g., auto insurance) are mandatory.  

- **Peace of Mind:** Reduces stress by providing a safety net.  

- **Encourages Savings:** Some policies, like whole life insurance, also function as investment vehicles.  

---

By understanding the types of insurance and how they work, individuals and businesses can make informed decisions to safeguard their financial future. 

What are the top 3 types of insurance? What is risk in insurance?

 What are the top 3 types of insurance? What is risk in insurance?

The **top three types of insurance** are typically the ones most essential for individuals and families to ensure financial security and peace of mind. Here's a breakdown of each:  

---

### 1. **Health Insurance**  

**Why It’s Important:**  

Health insurance covers medical expenses, including doctor visits, hospital stays, surgeries, and medications. It ensures that individuals and families can access necessary healthcare without facing overwhelming financial burdens.  

**Key Benefits:**  

- Covers preventive care (e.g., vaccinations and check-ups).  

- Reduces out-of-pocket costs for major medical procedures.  

- Protects against unexpected health crises and chronic conditions.  

**Popular Options:**  

- Employer-sponsored health plans.  

- Government programs like Medicare and Medicaid.  

- Private health insurance policies.  

---

### 2. **Life Insurance**  

**Why It’s Important:**  

Life insurance provides financial support to your loved ones in the event of your death. It helps cover expenses like funeral costs, outstanding debts, and future living expenses for your family.  

**Key Benefits:**  

- Ensures financial stability for dependents.  

- Helps pay off mortgages, loans, and other debts.  

- Offers peace of mind, knowing your family is financially secure.  

**Types of Life Insurance:**  

- **Term Life Insurance:** Coverage for a specific period (e.g., 10, 20, or 30 years).  

- **Whole Life Insurance:** Lifetime coverage with a cash value component.  

- **Universal Life Insurance:** Flexible policies with investment options.  

---

### 3. **Auto Insurance**  

**Why It’s Important:**  

Auto insurance is often required by law and protects drivers from financial liabilities related to car accidents, theft, or damage. It covers both personal and third-party risks.  

**Key Benefits:**  

- Covers repair or replacement costs for your vehicle.  

- Provides liability coverage for damages or injuries caused to others.  

- Protects against uninsured or underinsured drivers.  

**Coverage Options:**  

- **Liability Insurance:** Covers damages and injuries you cause to others.  

- **Collision Coverage:** Pays for damage to your own vehicle.  

- **Comprehensive Coverage:** Covers non-collision-related damages, like theft or natural disasters.  

---

### Why These Three?  

These types of insurance address the most common and critical risks individuals face: health emergencies, the financial impact of death, and liabilities related to vehicle use. Together, they form the foundation of a sound financial protection plan.  

In the context of insurance, **risk** refers to the possibility or likelihood of an event occurring that could result in financial loss, injury, or damage to property. Insurance is fundamentally about managing this uncertainty by transferring the financial burden of potential risks from the insured to the insurer.

---

### **Types of Risk in Insurance**

1. **Pure Risk**  

   - Involves situations where there is only a possibility of loss or no loss, with no potential for gain.  

   - Examples: Natural disasters, theft, illness, or death.  

   - Insurers typically cover pure risks because they can be measured and predicted statistically.  

2. **Speculative Risk**  

   - Involves situations where there is a possibility of loss, no loss, or a gain.  

   - Examples: Investments, business ventures.  

   - Speculative risks are not insurable because they depend on individual choices and market conditions.  

---

### **Components of Risk in Insurance**

1. **Peril**  

   - A specific cause of loss, such as fire, flood, or accident.  

   - Example: A house burning down due to a fire is a peril.  

2. **Hazard**  

   - Conditions or circumstances that increase the likelihood of a peril occurring.  

   - Types of Hazards:  

     - **Physical Hazards:** Tangible factors like a faulty electrical system.  

     - **Moral Hazards:** Behavioral risks, like exaggerating claims.  

     - **Morale Hazards:** Carelessness, such as leaving doors unlocked.  

---

### **Risk Assessment in Insurance**  

Insurers assess risk to determine:  

1. **Premiums:** Higher-risk individuals or properties may be charged more.  

2. **Policy Terms:** Coverage limits and exclusions are set based on the risk profile.  

3. **Insurability:** Some risks are deemed uninsurable if they are too unpredictable or catastrophic.  

---

### **Risk Mitigation in Insurance**  

Insurance doesn't eliminate risk but helps manage it. Risk mitigation strategies include:  

1. **Risk Transfer:** Transferring the financial burden to an insurer by purchasing a policy.  

2. **Risk Reduction:** Taking steps to lower the likelihood or severity of risks (e.g., installing smoke detectors).  

3. **Risk Retention:** Accepting minor risks (like small deductibles) to save on premiums.  

---

### **Examples of Risk in Different Insurance Types**

- **Health Insurance:** The risk of illness or injury leading to medical expenses.  

- **Auto Insurance:** The risk of car accidents or vehicle theft.  

- **Life Insurance:** The risk of premature death and its financial impact on dependents.  

- **Property Insurance:** The risk of property damage due to natural disasters or theft.  

---

Understanding risk is the cornerstone of insurance. It enables insurers to design policies that protect individuals and businesses while ensuring sustainability for the company.

What is Insurance? A Comprehensive Guide

What is Insurance? A Comprehensive Guide

**Introduction**  

Insurance plays a vital role in modern life, offering financial protection and peace of mind. But what exactly is insurance, and why is it so important? In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the meaning of insurance, its types, benefits, key terms, and how it impacts individuals, businesses, and economies.

---

## **Chapter 1: Understanding Insurance**  

### 1.1 Definition of Insurance  

Insurance is a contract between an individual or entity (the insured) and an insurance company (the insurer). In exchange for regular payments, known as premiums, the insurer agrees to provide financial compensation in case of specified losses or damages.

### 1.2 The Purpose of Insurance  

Insurance serves as a financial safety net, helping individuals and businesses recover from unexpected events such as accidents, illnesses, natural disasters, or theft.

### 1.3 Key Principles of Insurance  

- **Risk Management:** Spreading the risk across many policyholders.  

- **Utmost Good Faith:** Transparency between the insured and insurer.  

- **Indemnity:** Restoring the insured to their original financial position.  

- **Subrogation:** The insurer's right to recover costs from third parties.  

---

## **Chapter 2: The History of Insurance**  

### 2.1 Early Beginnings  

- **Ancient Times:** Insurance traces back to Babylonian merchants in 2000 BCE, who used "bottomry contracts" to protect against shipping losses.  

- **Medieval Europe:** The concept of marine insurance developed in the 14th century to safeguard maritime trade.  

### 2.2 Modern Evolution  

- The establishment of **Lloyd’s of London** in the 17th century laid the groundwork for contemporary insurance.  

- The 20th century saw the rise of life, health, and auto insurance as essential protections.  

---

## **Chapter 3: Types of Insurance**  

### 3.1 Life Insurance  

Provides financial support to beneficiaries upon the policyholder’s death.  

- **Term Life Insurance:** Coverage for a specific period.  

- **Whole Life Insurance:** Permanent coverage with a savings component.  

- **Universal Life Insurance:** Flexible premiums and death benefits.  

### 3.2 Health Insurance  

Covers medical expenses, including doctor visits, surgeries, and prescriptions.  

- **Private Health Insurance:** Purchased individually or through employers.  

- **Public Health Insurance:** Government programs like Medicare and Medicaid.  

### 3.3 Property and Casualty Insurance  

Protects against loss or damage to property.  

- **Homeowners Insurance:** Covers homes and personal belongings.  

- **Auto Insurance:** Mandatory in most regions to cover vehicular damages.  

### 3.4 Liability Insurance  

Covers legal liabilities and damages caused to third parties.  

- **General Liability:** Common for businesses.  

- **Professional Liability (E&O):** Protects professionals like doctors and lawyers.  

### 3.5 Specialized Insurance  

- **Travel Insurance:** Protects against trip cancellations, lost luggage, and medical emergencies abroad.  

- **Pet Insurance:** Covers veterinary costs for pets.  

- **Cyber Insurance:** Shields businesses from online threats and data breaches.  

---

## **Chapter 4: How Insurance Works**  

### 4.1 The Insurance Process  

1. **Application:** The individual applies for coverage.  

2. **Underwriting:** The insurer evaluates the risk and decides on coverage terms.  

3. **Policy Issuance:** The contract outlines coverage, exclusions, and premiums.  

4. **Claims:** The insured files a claim when a covered event occurs.  

### 4.2 Key Insurance Terms  

- **Premium:** Regular payments made by the insured.  

- **Deductible:** The amount the insured pays out-of-pocket before coverage kicks in.  

- **Policy Limit:** The maximum amount the insurer will pay for a covered loss.  

---

## **Chapter 5: The Importance of Insurance**  

### 5.1 Financial Security  

Insurance minimizes the financial burden of unexpected events.  

### 5.2 Legal Requirements  

In many cases, insurance is mandatory, such as auto insurance and workers’ compensation.  

### 5.3 Peace of Mind  

Knowing that you are covered allows individuals and businesses to focus on their goals without undue worry.  

---

## **Chapter 6: Challenges in the Insurance Industry**  

### 6.1 Fraudulent Claims  

Fraud increases costs for insurers and policyholders alike.  

### 6.2 Underinsurance  

Many people lack adequate coverage, leaving them vulnerable to financial loss.  

### 6.3 Regulatory Issues  

Insurance companies must navigate complex regulations that vary by region.  

---

## **Chapter 7: The Role of Technology in Insurance**  

### 7.1 InsurTech Revolution  

Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain are transforming the industry.  

### 7.2 Digital Insurance Platforms  

Apps and online portals make it easier to purchase, manage, and claim insurance.  

### 7.3 Predictive Analytics  

AI helps insurers assess risk and customize premiums for individual policyholders.  

---

## **Chapter 8: Choosing the Right Insurance**  

### 8.1 Assess Your Needs  

Consider factors like age, health, income, and dependents when selecting policies.  

### 8.2 Compare Providers  

Use tools like comparison websites to evaluate coverage options and premiums.  

### 8.3 Read the Fine Print  

Understand exclusions, waiting periods, and coverage limits before signing up.  

---

## **Chapter 9: FAQs About Insurance**  

### 9.1 Is insurance mandatory?  

Some types, like auto insurance, are required by law, while others are optional but highly recommended.  

### 9.2 How are premiums calculated?  

Factors like age, health, lifestyle, and coverage type influence premium costs.  

### 9.3 Can I have multiple insurance policies?  

Yes, many people combine policies for comprehensive protection (e.g., life and health insurance).  

---

## **Chapter 10: The Future of Insurance**  

### 10.1 Personalization  

Insurance will become more tailored to individual needs using big data and AI.  

### 10.2 Sustainability  

Climate change is driving the need for innovative coverage options, such as green insurance.  

### 10.3 Global Access  

Digital platforms will make insurance accessible to underserved regions worldwide.  

---

**Conclusion**  

Insurance is more than a financial product; it’s a tool for safeguarding your future and achieving peace of mind. By understanding its principles, types, and benefits, you can make informed decisions to protect yourself and your loved ones.  

Whether you're new to insurance or looking to deepen your knowledge, this guide equips you with everything you need to navigate the world of insurance confidently.

---

What are the health effects of quitting smoking?

 What are the health effects of quitting smoking?

According to a recent study, the harmful chemicals in cigarettes can adversely affect the functioning of the heart. Cigarette smoke contains various types of harmful chemicals, which get mixed in the blood during breathing. It affects the cardiovascular system and there is a risk of blood clots.

The risk of high blood pressure and heart attack increases due to obstruction of blood flow. In the smokers of the study, the blood flow is reduced due to the narrowing of the blood vessels, so that sometimes the blood supply to the brain is not easy. And, because of this, the possibility of stroke is more. Accordingly, if people under 50 smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day, the risk of stroke increases twice, according to the study.

According to data from the World Stroke Organization (WSO), smoking definitely increases the risk of stroke. The toxic chemicals found in cigarettes damage the cells and make it difficult for the heart to pump. which can cause stroke. Similarly, according to a study recently published in e-Clinical Medicine, people who smoke have a higher risk of stroke.

Does smoking harm the stomach?

Smoking is equally harmful for the stomach. Many may not know. It also damages the digestive system. As soon as you smoke, nicotine and tobacco reach your mouth, throat and stomach. It causes many problems like constipation, indigestion, gas, acidity, lack of appetite. The risk of diabetes also increases.

Other problems caused by smoking

Smoking reduces blood flow as well as lack of oxygen in the blood. Smoking thickens the blood, which increases the risk of blood clots. Because of this, blood pressure increases as well as cholesterol.

It causes problems related to lungs and also increases the risk of diabetes. Along with bronchitis (respiratory disease), it can also cause other problems related to the throat.

Some say that even one cigarette a day is not considered safe for health. In simple language, if you smoke more cigarettes, it will harm your body more and if you smoke less cigarettes or if you can quit smoking, it will harm your health less. So if you have a habit of smoking 10-15 or 20 cigarettes a day, you should change this habit immediately. In this case, it is beneficial to quit smoking completely.

Instant health benefits

If you can quit smoking, you will see a positive effect on your health immediately. It reduces the level of carbon monoxide in the blood. Carbon monoxide is a type of gas. It removes oxygen from the hemoglobin in the blood. As a result, heart rate and blood pressure become normal.

Also read this

"If a smoker breaks a bone, it will be difficult to join"

Improves the respiratory system

Within a few weeks of quitting smoking, the respiratory system begins to improve. It improves lung function, which reduces symptoms like shortness of breath and cough. This also reduces the risk of other infections.

Increases immunity

Smoking damages the immune system, but quitting smoking improves the immune system. It reduces respiratory infections and fights and protects against various other diseases. And improves overall health.

Improves taste and smell

Smoking affects smell and taste, but when you stop smoking, the damaged or weakened senses become active again. And, the real taste and smell will be known again.

Let's understand in detail, what is Viagra, a drug that increases sexual performance?

Let's understand in detail, what is Viagra, a drug that increases sexual performance?

The name of Viagra is very famous. Many people know that this drug of Viagra brand increases sexual performance. But few know that it has its own quantity. Which should be used in case of lack of sexual ability only on the advice of the doctor considering the body condition and age.

In this way, cases of death due to eating randomly and regularly are heard from time to time.

What kind of medicine is this?

Viagra is a brand of Sildenafil Citrate drug. which belongs to the group of prostaglandin inhibitors. It temporarily activates the sexual potential of men.

The American Pfizer company invented this medicine in 1998 and named the brand 'Viagra'. Due to the fact that the old medicine released in the beginning and the response in the market was also positive, this medicine gained popularity. And, from that time until today, its demand is increasing. The medicine is famous by the name of Viagra.

In what situation is it used?

As a medicine to increase sexual desire, this medicine cannot be taken as such. Doctors recommend this medicine only to those who have problems with sexual impotence.

Sexual impotence is the inability of the penis to become hard during sexual intercourse or to be unable to maintain it for a long time. Because of this, sex cannot happen even if you want to. If there is such a problem, this medicine works.

How does this medicine work?

When thinking about or wanting to have sex, the brain produces a chemical called nitric oxide. It activates different bio chemicals in the body. Some of these chemicals are gradually destroyed by prostaglandin and five hormones. So after some time the excitement disappears.

This medicine works to block that breaking process. This drug increases the amount of nitric oxide in the body of a person with sexual impotence. And, makes the arteries loose. As a result, blood flow temporarily increases in the penis. As soon as the blood flows, the penis becomes hard. And, sexual ability increases temporarily.

When and how to use this medicine?

Viagra is available in 25 mg to 200 mg. How many milligrams to give depends on the condition of the affected person.

As far as the use of the medicine is concerned, this medicine should be taken 20-25 minutes before sexual intercourse. If a large meal is consumed, it will take some time to show its effect. The dose of this medicine can last for 4 to 5 hours.

But if one medicine doesn't work, don't take another tablet. Sometimes stress or other reasons can cause sexual arousal.

Side-effects

It may cause some temporary side-effects. In which side-effects can be seen such as headache, skin redness, stomach problems, vision problems, nasal congestion, fever and muscle pain.

Viagra stimulates blood vessels in the muscles. In such a situation, the blood flow to the muscles is accelerated.

If you experience symptoms of chest pain, vision problems, breathing problems, swelling of the eyes and face due to its consumption, you should contact your doctor immediately.

Who should not eat?

- Viagra should not be taken even if you have heart problems and are taking nitrate group drugs. It increases the pressure on the heart. If you have to eat it, you should eat it only on the advice of a doctor.

- If a person experiences chest pain with slight exertion and his breathing rate increases, he should not use Viagra.

- If there is a heart attack or a stroke, the use of Viagra can be dangerous.

- Those who take blood pressure medicine and diabetes medicine should not use it either.

- Even if you have a kidney problem, it should not be used without a doctor's advice.

- HIV patients should not use Viagra even if they are taking Ritonavir.

Don't use it randomly

Today, even young, energetic young men use Viagra without a doctor's advice to indulge in sexual activity for a long time, to increase their virility or to be embarrassed in front of their partner.

Long-term use of this drug affects thinking and confidence. Some users are addicted to it. That's why they use it excessively thinking that it is not possible without sex.

Its side-effects can sometimes be very dangerous. Excessive use of it can make a person blind forever. People don't even know this.

Sometimes its use lasts for a long time, which is not good. If stimulation is continued for longer than necessary, it can become a problem.

Interesting history

In 1989, a team of the American pharmaceutical company Pfizer was working on making a drug to treat angina, that is, heart disease. Angina is a condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the heart become narrowed, causing chest pain and shortness of breath.

In this effort, Pfizer created a new ingredient, Sildenafil, and tested it on some men. Sildenafil failed to relieve heart pain in clinical trials. But the effort was not wasted. Most of the men who participated in the trial felt sexually stimulated by this drug. It has been confirmed that it has improved the sex life of many.

In other words, the medicine that Pfizer made for the proper flow of blood in the heart, that medicine worked for the veins of the penis. Then Pfizer started experimenting to solve the problem of sexual impotence.

The company got the patent for this medicine in 1996. On March 27, 1998, the FDA approved a drug called sildenafil for medical use. The brand name of sildenafil is Viagra.

 

What is chemotherapy used in the treatment of cancer?

 What is chemotherapy used in the treatment of cancer?

There are many types of cancer such as breast cancer, lung cancer, uterine cancer, colon cancer. All these cancers have a common cause, the abnormal growth of cells. In this disease, uncontrolled division of cells starts in any part of the body.

Chemotherapy is the most common treatment method used in the treatment of cancer. Chemotherapy is used to destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy stops cancer cells from spreading. It works by preventing other cells from forming, growing and dividing. Because cancer cells usually grow and divide faster than normal cells.

Therefore, chemotherapy has a greater effect on cancer cells. But the drugs used for chemotherapy are so powerful that sometimes they can even affect healthy cells.

Just as the medicine used in the treatment of bacteria is called antibiotic, the medicine used in the treatment of cancer is called chemotherapy. Chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, CAR T cell therapy and bone marrow transplants are all systemic therapies used in the treatment of cancer.

Which stage cancer patients are given chemotherapy?

Chemotherapy should be given to patients according to the condition, stage and type of cancer. Some need to be given chemo in the initial stage, while some need to be given only in the fourth stage. This therapy is often more necessary in the second, third and fourth stages than in the first stage.

Chemo is given to diagnose some cancers, reduce some and prevent some patients from growing. In the first stage of breast cancer, cancer can be cured by surgery and radiation alone, there is no need to continue giving chemo. Chemo is not necessary even in the early stages of colon cancer. Apart from these two, in some cancers, chemo may be given in the first stage.

How often should chemotherapy be given to cancer patients?

Which cancer is it and what is the condition? Accordingly, the number of chemo may vary. In ovarian cancer, 6 cycles of chemo are enough, in breast cancer, four to eight cycles are given. There may be a decrease in other cancers.

Especially in lung cancer, there is an example of giving chemo for a long time. But generally it may be given from four times throughout life.

Some side-effects of chemotherapy

Cancer is a chronic disease. In this, the cells of the body divide uncontrollably, this process of division is stopped by chemotherapy. Chemo also kills the bad cells that divide uncontrollably, along with the normal cells that develop every day. Hair cells develop daily. Chemo affects it, causing hair loss.

Another thing is that our digestive system, from the mouth to the anus, also develops daily. It also affects it, causing problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation. Lack of white and red blood. In addition, there are problems such as dry menstruation in women and lack of sperm in men. These problems are seen because chemo kills new cells.

Medical science has also developed drugs that reduce these side-effects that occur during chemotherapy. So do not be afraid to use this medicine.

How is chemotherapy given?

About 90 percent of chemotherapy is given intravenously. If it is to be given by injection, chemo drugs are given by injection after admission.

It is also given as an oral medicine to some patients. Also, if someone's cancer has spread to the brain, chemotherapy is also given from the back. If someone has skin cancer, it is also given as an ointment.

Things to consider in people receiving chemotherapy

First of all, a person undergoing chemotherapy should pay special attention to their diet. Because what is needed to form new cells in our body is obtained from a healthy and balanced diet. Fresh home-made food should also be eaten with a little more protein. Drink plenty of water.

It is also important for people taking chemo to get enough rest. You should rest for seven to 10 hours daily. It is also good to do light exercise daily. Keep your body active by doing jogging, yoga and light exercise at home.

While undergoing cancer treatment, the immune system is also weak, so there is a higher chance of infection. In this case, special attention should be paid to hygiene, use of masks if you have to avoid crowded places, etc.

After receiving chemotherapy, if a blue stain appears on the body, sores appear, gums or nose bleeds, you should immediately contact the treating doctor.

Other drug treatments for cancer

Targeted therapy: This treatment targets genes or proteins found in cancer cells. Those genes or proteins are needed to develop specific cancer cells.

Immunotherapy: This treatment helps the body's natural defenses to fight cancer. This treatment is used today for some types of cancer.

Hormone therapy: This treatment changes the amount of hormones in the body. Hormones contain chemicals. Hormones are naturally produced in the body. It helps in controlling the activity of certain cells or organs. Hormone levels control many types of cancer Doctors use hormone therapy. This includes some breast and prostate cancers.

Kar-T cell therapy: Kar-T cell is a special treatment method, which has been found to be very effective in blood cancer patients. It is a treatment technique that uses immune cells called 'T', which are present in the patient's body. The 'T' cells in the body, especially in the blood system, are taken out and genetically engineered in the laboratory to recognize cancer and act against it, and then sent into the patient's body, which can kill the cancer.

Bone marrow transplant: Blood cancer that cannot be cured by chemotherapy is treated with bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow transplantation is the process of destroying the unhealthy bone marrow in the body and placing another healthy bone marrow.

What kind of diet for those with heart problems?

What kind of diet for those with heart problems?

Food plays an important role in keeping the heart healthy. It is said that healthy food is the basis of a healthy body and unhealthy food is the home of disease. Various scientists have proven that bad diet affects cholesterol, weight gain and blood pressure.

When you eat unhealthy food, unhealthy fats start accumulating in the veins of the body, due to which blood cannot reach the heart. As a result, the risk of heart disease may increase. In this case, since you already have a heart problem, you should pay special attention to your diet.

What to eat for heart problems?

In case of any heart related problem, it is advised to include the following foods in your diet.

Fruits and vegetables: Fruits and vegetables play a major role in keeping the heart healthy. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, which help reduce fat, calories, sodium, and cholesterol, and eating them naturally is more beneficial than drinking fruit juice.

Dry fruits: Dry fruits contain monounsaturated fat, which is related to the body's nerves. If the patient eats a handful daily, the risk of heart disease is reduced by almost 30 percent.

Healthy Protein: Good sources of protein, B vitamins, iron and other vitamins and minerals like meat, pulses, seafood, eggs etc. should be included in your diet.

Whole grains: Whole grains are good sources of fiber. It also contains many other nutrients, due to which the blood pressure is also controlled. The body utilizes the high amount of fiber, vitamins, minerals, etc. found in whole grains. Regular consumption of whole grains reduces the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Foods rich in vitamin C: According to a research, vitamin C helps control blood pressure. Eating foods rich in vitamin C also reduces the risk of heart disease. Vitamin C is found in foods like amla, orange, lemon.

What kind of food to eat less?

If you have heart disease, it is better to eat less of these foods.

Red meat: Although red meat is rich in protein, many people include it in their diet, but heart patients should eat very little red meat. Because it also contains a lot of fat. Instead of red meat, fish and chicken can be eaten.

Egg Yolk: Eggs are considered a good source of protein for going to the gym. But the amount of saturated fat in egg yolk is high, so its intake should be reduced.

Trans fat: Trans fat damages the heart. Processed products are high in trans fat. To avoid this, read the label on the back of any item while purchasing it.

Sugar and salt: Excessive consumption of any food has a negative effect on the body. Excessive consumption of sugar and salt increases the taste and also causes diabetes and high blood pressure. Therefore, the use of salt and sugar in food should be reduced.

Something to note

Do not consume tobacco products: Tobacco products increase the risk of heart disease and heart attack. This affects the nerves of the body, which is the main cause of triglycerides and heart attacks. In addition, nicotine can increase blood pressure. Therefore, do not consume tobacco products.

Avoid drinking alcohol: Alcohol increases the problem of high blood pressure, which ultimately promotes heart disease. Excessive consumption of alcohol makes the nerves of the body stiff. Therefore, people with heart problems should not consume alcohol.

Reduce obesity: Excess fat in the body increases the level of bad cholesterol and triglycerides. It also causes high blood pressure and diabetes. Therefore, weight should be controlled to avoid heart problems and to avoid complications when the problem occurs.

Exercise: Lack of physical activity is like inviting heart disease. Obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and increased sugar levels are the cause of a comfortable lifestyle. So you should exercise daily. But those who have experienced heart problems should consult their doctor about what kind of exercise to do.

 

In what condition is endoscopy done?

 In what condition is endoscopy done?

Endoscopy is a name that many people are hearing. It is a Greek word, which means to look within. Endo means within, and scope means to examine or see.

Endoscopy is the process of examining the inside of the body without making a wound. In which an endoscope (instrument) is used to closely observe the condition of the internal part of the body. This device consists of a long, thin flexible tube. Light and camera are connected to the tube. After injecting it through the mouth, what has happened in the esophagus, stomach, etc. can be clearly seen on the monitor.

Types of endoscopy

Endoscopy can be done in different parts of the body. Endoscopy is named after the organs.

Gastroscopy: Gastroscopy quickly detects diseases of the esophagus, stomach and small intestine. It detects swelling, ulcers and tumors in these organs.

Colonoscopy: Colonoscopy identifies rectal disease problems. Colonoscopy is a method of checking the internal condition of the anus and the condition of the large intestine by inserting a tube through the anus.

(Colonoscopy examines the lower part of the stomach, while endoscopy examines the upper part of the stomach. Both of these procedures are the same, but the name and the part of the body to be checked are different.)

Bronchoscopy: It detects problems in the lungs. It identifies various respiratory system and other lung-related problems such as tumors, infections, and breathing problems.

Cytoscopy: It detects urinary problems like urinary tract, blood in urine and infection.

Neuroendoscopy: It detects brain and spine problems such as hydrocephalus, tumors, and various neurological problems.

In what cases is it recommended?

Endoscopy is recommended for two reasons. One is to check based on the symptoms reported by the patient and the other is to see during surgery.

When there is a problem in swallowing food, when there is pain in the stomach for a long time, when there is frequent vomiting and when there is blood in the stool and urine, endoscopy is advised to find out the cause.

Endoscopy is also used in the process of removing bleeding ulcers, tumors or cancer.

Endoscopy is done as needed even if no organ is clearly reported on X-ray.

Diagnosis according to disease

-Gastroesophageal reflux: This is a chronic disease, in which stomach acid reaches the esophagus and damages the inner layer. The condition of the esophagus can be known through endoscopy.

- Nodule: There is a lump around the stomach or esophagus. And, if such a lump grows, it can be seen through endoscopy. It can be understood whether there is a risk of cancer or not by its size. According to which the treatment is decided.

— Esophageal swelling: If the esophageal vessels are larger than normal and swollen, endoscopy helps to see the enlarged vessels, assess their size and severity.

- Abdominal swelling: Causes of abdominal swelling can be seen through endoscopy. Based on this insight, a treatment plan for the swelling can be made.

Stomach ulcer: Stomach ulcer is also known as peptic ulcer. Endoscopy helps in the diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcers.

-Gastroesophageal stricture: The esophagus or the inside of the stomach becomes narrow for some reason. Endoscopy aids in diagnosis by imaging the gastroesophageal site.

How is it done?

- In this process, it is done in Khalipet. At first, the patient is placed on a bed.

— A monitor is attached to monitor blood pressure and heart rate.

- Then local anesthesia is given. Anesthesia can be given in the mouth to numb the throat for endoscopy. (A camera and light are attached to the tip of the endoscope.)

After that, the endoscope is placed in the mouth and swallowed. A slight pressure may be felt during this process. At this time the breathing process does not stop. And, they are made to sit without speaking.

- While the endoscopy is going down the esophagus to the intestine, the digestion condition is viewed directly from the monitor through the camera.

- After the examination or the necessary procedure is completed, if the meat has grown, the surgical instrument to remove it is inserted through endoscopy. If cancer is suspected, a small piece is taken for biopsy.

After this, the endoscope is gradually removed from the mouth.

Is there pain in this process?

There is no pain due to local anesthesia. However, some may feel bearable pain.

Also, it takes up to 3 minutes from start to identify the problem. If surgery is to be done together, then it should be done after observing the condition for half an hour.

Risk

- Flatulence.

- Light bleeding.

- There may be an infection in the part where it is done.

- A hole in the stomach, esophagus or intestine,

If you see these symptoms, you should go to the hospital immediately.

How much does it cost?

5 to 6 thousand for endoscopy and 7 to 9 thousand for colonoscopy in government hospitals. Fees may vary depending on the hospital.

Similarly, an average of 2,000 for endoscopy and 4,000 for colonoscopy in government hospitals.

advantage

— The camera used in endoscopy takes a clear picture of the internal organs.

- Detects internal organ problems without pain without making a big incision.

- Surgery and biopsy of suspected cancer can be done at the same time.