What is the difference between bronchitis and pneumonia?

 What is the difference between bronchitis and pneumonia?

Although both bronchitis and pneumonia are problems related to the lungs, bronchitis affects the airways and pneumonia affects the air cells.

Although both these diseases have similar symptoms like cough, fever and difficulty in breathing, pneumonia can be more serious.

If there is a cough or fever and the chest feels full due to phlegm, this may be a sign of bronchitis or pneumonia. Both of these are problems related to the lungs and their symptoms are similar to each other.

Both these infections affect the breathing process and coughing is common along with severe pain. The fact that the symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia are similar does not mean that these two diseases are the same. There is a very important difference between the two.

What is bronchitis?

Bronchitis is not always due to infection alone; It can also be caused by allergies, dust, smoke, pollution or autoimmune. Therefore, it is wrong to understand it only by connecting it with infection.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes in the lungs. When these tubes swell, their inner lumen narrows, causing difficulty in breathing. In addition, there are symptoms such as continuous coughing, feeling of phlegm in the chest, and a tickling sensation in the throat.

When the mucus gland is active, more phlegm is produced, which aggravates the problem. Bronchitis is of two types—acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term).

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection in the alveoli of the lungs. In this case, liquid or pus can fill inside the alveoli, which hinders oxygen exchange. It is usually caused by a viral, bacterial or fungal infection, not an allergy.

What are the causes of bronchitis and pneumonia?

due to bronchitis

Bronchitis is an infectious condition and many people are affected by it. Usually it is not serious. But chronic bronchitis can gradually reduce lung function and can be life-threatening.

Due to acute bronchitis

Viral infection: Bronchitis caused by a virus causes cough and difficulty in breathing.

Bacterial infection: Bacteria can also cause bronchitis and increase breathing problems.

Fungal infection: Sometimes fungal infection can also cause this problem.

Other causes: Exposure to substances that irritate the lungs such as smoking, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution can also cause bronchitis.

Due to chronic bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is caused by persistent swelling in the airways. This is a form of 'Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease'. According to the US National Institutes of Health, bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucus membrane while pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung tissue, which can be caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection.

due to pneumonia

Pneumonia is caused by a viral, bacterial or fungal infection. In addition, pneumonia can also occur when some harmful substances enter the lungs. When these bacteria or irritants reach the alveoli, pneumonia develops.

Types and causes of pneumonia

Bacterial Pneumonia: The most common type of pneumonia caused by bacteria. Its main type is pneumococcal pneumonia, which is caused by the bacterium Treptococcus pneumoniae.

Viral Pneumonia: Caused by viruses like influenza.

Mycoplasma Pneumonia: It is caused by a microscopic parasite called Mycoplasma, which has some characteristics of both viruses and bacteria.

Fungal Pneumonia: Pneumonia caused by fungal infection.

Symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia

The symptoms of both diseases are similar to a large extent, but some symptoms can help distinguish the difference.

Similar symptoms

- Acute cough and expectoration

- White, green or yellow phlegm

- Fever or chills

- Shortness of breath or wheezing

-Feeling of chest tightness

- Sore throat

More common symptoms of pneumonia

-Discomfort or confusion, especially in elderly people

- Abnormally increased or decreased breathing rate

- Nausea or vomiting

- Loss of appetite

- Chills or muscle aches

Why is it difficult to tell the difference?

The symptoms of bronchitis and pneumonia are very similar. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish based on simple symptoms only. Medical examination is necessary for correct diagnosis.

In which case should you consult a doctor immediately?

- Difficulty breathing

- Inability to stop coughing

- High fever

-Symptoms do not improve or recur frequently even after treatment

-Seeing blood in the phlegm

- Acute chest pain

-Feeling extremely weak

- Pre-existing serious illness and increased breathing problems

Breathing problems can quickly become serious, so emergency treatment may be necessary in such cases.

How is bronchitis and pneumonia diagnosed?

The doctor first understands the symptoms, their duration and the patient's health history. Then the stethoscope listens to the sound of the lungs. If necessary, the following tests can be performed.

Sputum Culture: Bacterial infection is detected by testing a sputum sample.

Chest X-ray: Shows the condition of infection in the lungs and helps to differentiate between bronchitis and pneumonia.

Pulse oximetry: The amount of oxygen in the blood is measured.

Pulmonary function test: How much air the lungs can take in and out is checked.

Treatment of bronchitis

Car treatment disease

Depends on the loan. In most cases of acute bronchitis, it is viral, so antibiotics do not work.

- Adequate rest

-Abundant fluid intake

-Fever or pain reliever medicine

- Cough medicine

-Using a humidifier or steam at night

- If the cause is bacteria, the doctor can give antibiotics.

Chronic bronchitis

It may not be completely cured, but the symptoms can be controlled

– Inhaler

-Pulmonary rehabilitation therapy

Medicines to reduce swelling

- Stop smoking completely

Treatment of pneumonia

The treatment of pneumonia depends on its type.

Bacterial pneumonia: Antibiotics

Fungal pneumonia: Antifungal drugs

Viral Pneumonia: Although there is no specific viral drug, treatment is given according to the symptoms.

Also:

-Fever or pain reliever medicine

- Consuming a lot of junk food

- Adequate rest

- Use a humidifier or steam to thin the phlegm

- Stay away from smoking

- In severe cases, hospitalization may be required

What signs does our body show when we are deficient in which vitamin?

 What signs does our body show when we are deficient in which vitamin?

Feeling tired and weak in the body can be a major sign of a deficiency of vitamin B12, vitamin D, or folate.

Our body needs many vitamins to stay healthy. When we start experiencing a vitamin deficiency, our body starts showing some symptoms. People often consider these symptoms to be normal,. Many of the symptoms we see in our body are due to vitamin deficiency.

Having a general knowledge of what physical signs we see when we are deficient in which vitamin can help us to see a doctor easily.

Frequent fatigue and weakness

If you feel tired all the time, it could be a sign of a deficiency of vitamin B12, vitamin D, or folate. A deficiency of these vitamins reduces energy levels.

Hair loss and weak nails

Excessive hair loss, brittle nails, thinning, and splitting can be signs of a deficiency of vitamin B7 and vitamin D. Sometimes, it can be related to iron deficiency.

Mouth sores and chapped lips

Frequent mouth sores or chapped lips can be a sign of a deficiency of vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate. You should consult a doctor even if you do not experience any pain.

Persistent dry skin

If your skin is constantly dry or this problem is increasing, it can be a sign of a deficiency of vitamin A, vitamin E, or vitamin C. You should pay attention to your diet.

Bleeding gums

Bleeding gums when brushing or wounds that do not heal quickly can indicate a deficiency of vitamin C. Vitamin C helps the body produce collagen and heal wounds. It can also weaken bones.

What to eat to avoid vitamin deficiency?

Before eating anything, it is important to know what your body is deficient in. Then, you should manage your diet accordingly.

Driver dies while driving, what causes this?

 Driver dies while driving, what causes this?

Fat and cholesterol accumulate in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart for years, forming a 'plaque'. At some point, when that plaque ruptures, blood clots there and blocks the blood vessel.

Driver dies while driving, what causes this?

Bagmati Pradesh 03-001 Ja 1124 electric microbus was on its regular journey from Narayangadh to Birgunj. There were 14 passengers on board the microbus. For them, that day was like any other. Some were busy on their mobile phones. Some were looking out the window. Some were in a hurry to reach their destination. .

55-year-old Chandra Bahadur Budhathoki was steering the microbus. He himself will never be able to say whether his chest felt heavy, whether he had difficulty breathing, or whether his heart was beating uncontrollably.

But one thing was remembered by many present there, he did not let go of the steering wheel until the last moment.

The lives of the passengers in front were at stake. They prioritized the safety of the passengers over their own physical pain. Without creating any hurry or panic, they safely took the micro to its destination. They stopped the vehicle. Only then did his body leave him.

Although the passengers and locals took him to the hospital, the doctors declared him dead.

According to initial information, the cause of his death is said to be a heart attack. But due to the restraint he showed until the last moment, all 14 passengers in the micro remained safe.

The incident of a healthy person, looking healthy, walking, working person losing his life in a few minutes is not new. Such incidents do not only happen on the street, but also in the office, at home, in the gym, at weddings, at the playground, and sometimes even in his sleep.

The families of many people who die suddenly repeat almost the same sentence, ‘He left the house smiling in the morning. There was no major illness. He had eaten and gone to work.’

How does a person suddenly die of a heart attack?

Chandra Bahadur Budhathoki, who was declared dead, may have suffered a ‘silent heart attack,’ says cardiologist Dr. Ashok Shrestha. According to him, not all heart attacks are the same. In some cases, patients experience clear symptoms such as chest pain, sweating, or difficulty breathing. But in some patients, serious damage occurs inside the heart without any specific signs.

Such a condition is called a ‘silent heart attack’ in medical language.

In a ‘silent heart attack,’ the patient may only feel general fatigue, bloating, indigestion, or mild discomfort in the chest. That is why many ignore it, considering it a normal problem,’ says Dr. Shrestha.

According to him, fat and cholesterol accumulate in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart for years and form ‘plaques.’ At some point, when that plaque ruptures, blood clots there and the blood vessel closes. Then the heart muscle stops getting oxygen.

If this process occurs in a large area, the heart's pumping ability weakens. Then the electrical system that controls the heartbeat can break down. The heartbeat becomes very irregular or the heart itself can stop. This condition is called cardiac arrest.

'When the heart stops pumping blood, oxygen does not reach the brain. The patient becomes unconscious within a few seconds. Permanent brain damage begins within 4 to 6 minutes. Death can occur if immediate treatment is not received,' he says.

What is not visible from the outside is the biggest risk

According to Dr. Shrestha, the biggest challenge of a silent heart attack is that it does not allow the patient to become aware in time.

Some people go to the office regularly, drive, exercise and consider themselves completely healthy. But the disease may have been developing in their heart blood vessels for years.

Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, mental stress, irregular lifestyle and increasing age increase this risk further, he says.

‘If these risk factors are present in a single person, the plaque can rupture at any time. Then, within a few minutes, a person who is in a normal state can reach a life-threatening state,’ says Dr. Shrestha.

Sudden death is not only caused by a heart attack

According to experts, sudden death can also occur in serious conditions such as cardiac arrest, stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Many times, such problems develop inside the body for years, but there are no clear signs outside.

‘Sudden unconsciousness is not only a heart attack. In some cases, stroke can also be the cause,’ says neurologist Dr. Rajiv Jha.

According to him, a stroke occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain is blocked or ruptures. If a vital part of the brain is affected, the patient can become unconscious within minutes.

Not all patients with a stroke die suddenly. But if there is a large hemorrhage, excessive swelling in the brain or the brainstem is affected, the situation can become very serious.

“Some patients show symptoms such as inability to speak, inability to move one arm or leg, facial drooping or loss of balance. But in a severe stroke, the patient may suddenly faint. Therefore, such a condition cannot be dismissed as normal weakness,” he says.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Dr. Jha says that subarachnoid hemorrhage in the brain is one of the main causes of sudden death in an otherwise healthy person. Hundreds.

Dr. Jha, who has successfully treated cases of aneurysm, says that it usually occurs when an aneurysm, a balloon-like bulge, ruptures in a blood vessel in the brain.

Most people may have had such an aneurysm from birth or for a long time, but they live a normal life without showing any symptoms. “As soon as the aneurysm ruptures, blood spreads into the subarachnoid space around the brain. This increases the pressure inside the brain within seconds and the patient may suddenly experience unbearable headaches, unconsciousness, or even instant death,” says Dr. Jha. According to him, many patients die on the way or at home due to not reaching a specialist hospital in time.

The first few minutes can save lives

Sudden cardiac arrest or a person becoming unconscious does not mean that the opportunity for treatment is over. On the contrary, according to doctors, the first few minutes are the most critical time between the patient’s life and death.

Cardiologist Dr. According to Madhav Bista, after a cardiac arrest, the heart stops pumping blood. Then oxygen stops reaching the brain. If no treatment is started within four to six minutes, permanent brain damage can begin.

He says, “In such a situation, you should not just wait for an ambulance. If the patient is not breathing or does not appear to have a heartbeat, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be started immediately. Timely CPR maintains some blood flow to the heart and brain, which significantly increases the patient’s chances of survival.”

How to give CPR?

1. Start CPR by checking if the patient is breathing.

2. Lay the patient on a hard and flat surface and place your hand on the center of the chest. Place the palm of one hand on top of the other and straighten the elbow.

3. Press the chest firmly and quickly. At a speed of 100-120 times per minute, allow the chest to fully return after each compression to a depth of about 5-6 centimeters.

4. If you are trained, give 2 chest compressions followed by 30 chest compressions. If you are not trained, continuous chest compressions are also effective.

5. If an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available nearby, use it immediately. Apply pads according to the device's instructions and deliver an electric shock if necessary.

6. Continue CPR until an ambulance arrives, the patient regains breathing or consciousness, or until a health worker takes over. Continuous CPR helps maintain blood flow to the brain and heart and increases the patient's chance of survival.

Lungs: What they are, how they work?

 Lungs: What they are, how they work?

Damage to the lungs from minor infections or injuries can heal on their own, but damage from smoking, pollution, or chronic diseases can be permanent.

The lungs are the main part of our respiratory system and work to deliver oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide.

How many times do you breathe in a minute? In seconds? Have you ever counted? How long can you live without taking a breath? Have you ever wondered about this?

Because breathing in and out is an automatic process, for which you do not have to make any extra effort. But, what happens if that breath suddenly stops? You certainly have the answer.

Not only is it essential for life, but the lungs play a major role in taking in and releasing oxygen, which is needed every moment.

The lungs, which are soft, sponge-like structures inside the chest, supply the body with oxygen and energy and remove toxic carbon dioxide.

What role do the lungs play in the continuous process from taking in oxygen to taking out carbon dioxide? Why are two lungs necessary? How much damage does smoking cause?

What is the function of the lungs and what is their structure?

The lungs are the main organs of our respiratory system. They are made of soft, flexible tissue like a sponge and are located inside the chest around the heart. The lungs have a thin membrane on the outside that protects them. They are divided into two parts: the right lung has three parts: ‘upper, middle and lower’. The left lung has two parts: ‘upper and lower’. The left lung is slightly smaller because the heart occupies more space on the left.

The respiratory system begins with the nose or mouth. Air enters the trachea through the throat. It is then divided into two parts. The air we inhale enters the right and left lungs separately. After reaching the lungs, the bronchi divide 23 times like the branches of a tree, reaching the smallest tubes and ending at the ‘alveoli’ (air sacs).

The alveoli are thin membranous tissues like grape clusters, around which the blood vessels coming from the heart are spread like a spider web. An adult has 300 million to 600 million alveoli.

If the lungs are fully expanded, their surface area is 70-100 square meters, the size of a tennis court. The lung weighs 1 to 1.2 kilograms. The right one is slightly larger and heavier. The lung is the only organ in the body that can float in water, because it is always full of air. Even after breathing out completely, about 1 liter of air remains in it.

What is its main function?

The main function of the lungs is to supply oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide, which is called gas exchange. This is possible due to the thin membrane between the alveoli and the blood vessels.

Oxygen is absorbed from the air coming from outside and enters the circulatory system and reaches various cells of the body to provide energy. Similarly, carbon dioxide, a toxic gas produced by the body's organs, enters the alveoli through the blood vessels and is released when we exhale. This process continues continuously. The lungs also filter the air, which protects the body from infection.

It produces phlegm, which traps dust, germs, and pollutants and expels them when we cough them up. We breathe 8,000 to 9,000 liters of air every day, but the body uses only 5 percent of the oxygen from this air. The lungs are closely connected to the heart, so heart problems can also affect the lungs.

Why do humans have two lungs? What happens if one lung fails?

The main reason for having two lungs is for the body’s balance and safety. Both lungs work separately but support each other. If one lung develops a problem, such as cancer or infection, the other one takes over, which can help save lives. This makes it easier for the heart and other organs to function together.

Even if one lung is completely removed, a person can still survive, but not at full capacity. The failed lung can cause problems such as infection, blistering, or bleeding, and the infection can spread to the other lung because there is no barrier between the two.

Pollution or other external factors affect both equally, but some diseases can affect only one side. If a failed lung causes a lot of problems, it may need to be surgically removed.

How do the lungs take in and expel air?

The process of taking in air is called respiration, which consists of two stages – ‘inhalation’, which is the process of drawing air in, and ‘exhalation’, which is the process of expelling air out. This process is controlled by the brain and occurs 12-20 times per minute.

During inhalation, air from the nose or mouth passes through the throat, trachea, bronchi, and small tubes in the lungs, and then reaches the alveoli. The diaphragm muscle moves down, increasing the space in the chest, which draws air in. About half a liter of air is taken in with each breath.

During exhalation, the diaphragm moves up, the chest narrows, and air is expelled from the lungs. This process is also called ventilation. It is affected in chronic lung diseases, which are called respiratory failure. Sudden problems such as food getting stuck in the airway or tumors can also affect it.

Is there a chance of recovery if the lungs are damaged? How does smoking affect this?

The likelihood of lung damage depends on the type and extent of damage. The lungs have some ability to regenerate. They can heal themselves from minor infections or injuries, such as damage from the flu or pneumonia, which can be treated and cured with time and rest. However, serious damage caused by smoking, pollution, or chronic diseases such as COPD, fibrosis, or cancer can be permanent and may not fully recover. In such cases, medical treatment, medication, or surgery may be necessary.

Smoking is harmful to the lungs. It damages the fine hairs and membranes of the airways, which makes it easier for dust, smoke, or viruses to enter the lungs. This increases the risk of pneumonia or other infections. Smokers' lungs become black/brown, inflamed, and damaged. However, quitting smoking has a positive effect on the lungs. The lungs have various defense mechanisms, such as nasal hairs, which are damaged by smoking but largely repaired after quitting.

Although not completely restored, the risk of infection is reduced and health improves. Quitting smoking is beneficial at any age, even up to 90 years. A healthy lifestyle, exercise, and avoiding pollution increase the chances of recovery, but this depends on individual health. If there is a problem, it is best to consult a doctor.

What are the main problems that occur in the lungs? And how to maintain lung health?

Immediate problems in the lungs such as colds, coughs, nasal congestion, sore throat, fever, chest pain, and problems with the airways that cause coughing or wheezing. In the long term, pneumonia, lung infections, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer are the main ones. Lung infections, asthma, and cancer are more common in Nepal. As diseases like asthma increase, lung capacity decreases, which affects daily life.

Lung health depends on daily air quality, diet and lifestyle. Healthy lungs are pink in color. To keep them healthy, you should quit smoking completely, exercise regularly, which increases lung capacity.

Wear a mask to avoid pollution, breathe clean air, eat a balanced diet and drink enough water. If you have difficulty breathing, cough or chest pain, you should immediately get checked by a doctor. Since the lungs are connected to the heart and other organs, it is necessary to pay attention to overall health.

What is sodium? Both too little and too much are harmful

 What is sodium? Both too little and too much are harmful

To control sodium, try to consume less than 2 grams of salt per day, which is about a teaspoon.

What is sodium? Both too little and too much are harmful

Sodium is a part of salt and is necessary for the normal functioning of the body's cells, nerves, muscles, and heart.

Consuming more than 2 grams of sodium per day can cause high blood pressure and long-term heart problems.

The salt we eat daily is not only related to the taste of our food, but also to the balance of the body, heart health, and quality of life. Both conditions of sodium deficiency and excess can cause serious health problems.

A conversation with cardiologist Dr. Rajendra Koju on what sodium is, why the body needs it, how much is safe, and what risks arise when it is too much:

What is sodium and why is it needed by the body?

Sodium is the scientific name. In simple terms, it is a part of salt. It is a mineral element. We eat it every day and it is one of the most important minerals for our body.

Without sodium, the body's cells, nerves, muscles and heart cannot function normally. It is essential for water balance, blood pressure, signal transmission and muscle function. But too much sodium can cause high blood pressure and heart problems, so it is important to keep it in the right amount.

What happens in the body when there is a lack of sodium?

Sodium keeps our body in good balance. It is found in the blood, muscles, cells and other parts of the body. Most of it is in the blood. Without this mineral, cells cannot function. Muscles, the heart and the brain all need it. If it is less than the required amount, it has a negative effect on the body.

Due to its deficiency, muscles cannot function, the nervous system is affected, and problems occur in the heart and other organs. This is called hyponatremia. It must be kept in the required amount. About 500 milligrams of sodium is needed every day, but it is recommended that the amount of salt should not exceed 2.3 grams. This 2.3 grams is not even equal to a teaspoon.

Is sodium only in salt or is it also found in other foods?

Foods like green vegetables, fruits, milk, yogurt, cheese, fish, meat, and eggs contain sodium even if they are not salted, but the amount is less.

It is difficult to say exactly how much salt to eat daily, but it can be estimated in these ways. The World Health Organization recommends less than 2 grams of sodium per day for adults. This is approximately the same as a teaspoon of salt.

Sodium is found not only in salt, but also in foods added to food and vegetables. The added sodium should not exceed 2.3 grams. A teaspoon can be used when measuring. For example, a teaspoon of salt is enough to cook vegetables for four people. Generally, it is okay to eat only one teaspoon of salt per day.

What happens when you have too much sodium?

Too much sodium has various negative effects on the body. Because sodium attracts water. When there is too much sodium, the body retains water, blood volume increases, and pressure in the blood vessels increases. The biggest problem caused by this is high blood pressure, which causes long-term damage to the heart, brain, kidneys, etc.

What are the symptoms of sodium deficiency or excess?

When there is a deficiency (hyponatremia) or excess (hypernatremia) of sodium, various symptoms appear in the body, which are mainly due to the effects on the brain and nervous system.

Sodium deficiency occurs when the blood sodium level is 135 milliequivalents per liter.

The main symptoms are headache, nausea or vomiting, fatigue or weakness, muscle weakness, cramps, confusion or dizziness, irritability or low blood pressure, dizziness, fainting, or a person may go into a coma.

When sodium is high, ‘sodium 145 milliequivalents per liter in the blood’

When sodium is high, problems such as excessive thirst, feeling tired or lethargic, dizziness or confusion, irritability, muscle twitching or cramps, dry mouth and skin, and rapid heartbeat may occur.

You can predict these symptoms at home. If you experience problems such as headache, fatigue, confusion, cramps, or fainting, you should go to the doctor immediately. These symptoms can also be associated with other diseases. But the most accurate and reliable way is to check the amount of sodium in the blood by doing a blood test.

How does sodium affect heart health?

Excess sodium affects the heart in two main ways. First, it causes high blood pressure and puts extra pressure on the heart and blood vessels. Second, as blood volume increases, the heart has to pump more blood, which can cause the muscle in the left lower chamber of the heart (ventricle) to thicken or enlarge, a condition called ‘left ventricular hypertrophy’, or increase the risk of heart failure.

In addition, excess sodium activates the sympathetic nervous system, weakens the inner lining of blood vessels, and increases inflammation, which further damages the heart and blood vessels. The effects are more severe in people with high blood pressure or heart disease, as it increases the accumulation of excess fluid in the body, putting an additional burden on the heart.

How to control sodium?

-To control sodium, try to keep your daily intake below 2 grams, which is about 5 grams of salt per day.

-You should cook more fresh food at home. Processed/packaged foods such as chips, noodles, sausages, bread, soy sauce, etc. should be reduced as much as possible. Salt should be kept to a minimum while cooking and eating.

-You should check the sodium content of packaged foods by looking at the label and choose low-sodium options.

-You should eat more potassium-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, and yogurt. This reduces the negative effects of sodium.

Children may be deficient in vitamin D in winter, what to do?

 Children may be deficient in vitamin D in winter, what to do?

Sunlight is the best natural source to compensate for the problem of vitamin D deficiency.

Children may be deficient in vitamin D in winter, what to do?

Vitamin D helps strengthen children's bones and teeth, helps in height growth, and increases their ability to fight disease.

Children are deficient in vitamin D due to less exposure to sunlight in winter, wearing thick clothes, and not taking them outside much.

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for the healthy development of children. Vitamin D strengthens children's bones and teeth, helps in height growth, increases their ability to fight disease, and helps in muscle development.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, vitamin D deficiency can cause problems such as 'rickets', a softening of bones in children, which weakens bones. But vitamin D deficiency in children is seen due to less exposure to sunlight in winter, not taking children outside for a long time, and wearing thick clothes.

Parents need to know why children develop vitamin D deficiency during the winter, how to recognize it, and how to prevent and treat it.

Causes of vitamin D deficiency in newborns:

Vitamin D deficiency in newborns is often associated with pregnancy. The baby gets vitamin D from the mother while she is in the womb. If the mother does not spend enough time in the sun during pregnancy or is deficient in vitamin D, the baby can also be born with a deficiency. According to the Mayo Clinic, vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women increases the risk of rickets in the baby.

Although breast milk is the best food, it contains low levels of vitamin D. Therefore, exclusively breastfed babies may need vitamin D supplements.

In winter, if the baby is not exposed to the sun due to fear of cold, the skin cannot produce vitamin D. The body produces vitamin D from UVB rays, which are less in winter.

Babies born prematurely have low vitamin D stores in the body, which increases the risk of deficiency by 2-4 times.

Children with dark skin produce less vitamin D from the sun, and this problem is also more common in polluted areas.

Why is vitamin D deficiency more common in winter?

The main reasons for vitamin D deficiency in winter are:

- The sun's rays are shorter in winter.

- Morning and evening sunlight are not effective, because the 'UVB' rays are weaker.

- The child's body is covered with thick clothes, which blocks the skin from the sun.

- Especially in cold weather, children play less outside.

- Fog and pollution block the sun, which reduces UVB rays.

For all these reasons, the child's skin cannot produce enough vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency weakens the immune system, which leads to frequent infections.

Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency

The symptoms of vitamin D deficiency vary according to age.

In newborns and young infants: from birth to 12 months

- Excessive crying, irritability.

-Low milk intake or loss of appetite.

-Slowness in lying down, sitting up or crawling - 'delayed motor development'.

-Soft skull bones.

-Excessive sweating, especially on the head, even at a young age.

-Vitamin D deficiency causes fatigue and weak bones.

In older children: above 1 year

-Leg pain or fatigue.

-Fatigue or muscle weakness when walking.

-Bold legs.

-Frequent illness, such as respiratory infections.

-Height and weight not growing as expected.

Treatment and prevention of vitamin D deficiency

The sun is the best natural source to replenish vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, you should expose your hands, feet or face to the sun for at least 3-4 days a week, for 15-30 minutes.

Newborns can be given vitamin D drops as recommended by a doctor. Do not increase the amount yourself, as excessive amounts can cause problems.

Foods rich in vitamin D can be given after 6 months.

-Egg yolk

-Milk yogurt, ghee in small quantities

-Sun-dried mushrooms

Vitamin D deficiency can be prevented with these foods. Salmon and eggs are also suitable for pregnant women.

Tips for parents:

-Mothers should take vitamin D daily during pregnancy. For that, they should pay attention to sunlight and nutrition.

-The baby should be safely exposed to sunlight regularly, but sunburn should be avoided.

-Vitamin D drops can be given to babies who are exclusively breastfed on the advice of a doctor.

-The child's development should be monitored regularly, such as height, weight and motor skills.

-If there is any doubt, a health worker should be consulted.

By adopting these measures, children's vitamin D levels can be maintained even in winter, which improves their overall health.

Prashant Tamang's death due to 'cardiac arrest', what is this problem?

Prashant Tamang's death due to 'cardiac arrest', what is this problem?

In our society, cardiac arrest and heart attack are considered as one problem. But from a medical point of view, these two are completely different problems.

Singer and actor Prashant Tamang passed away at the age of 42 due to cardiac arrest at his residence in Delhi.

Cardiac arrest is a sudden cardiac arrest that can lead to death within 3 to 5 minutes.

The number of cardiac arrests among young people in Nepal is increasing and modern lifestyle, stress, and lack of sleep are the main reasons. 

Kathmandu. There was once a very popular name in the music world - Prashant Tamang.

Tamang, a Nepalese resident of Darjeeling, is the winner of Indian Idol Season 3. In 2007, his voice and personality won the hearts of Nepali and Indian audiences.

In recent years, he seemed to be more busy with films than singing. And recently he made his debut in Bollywood. Along with singing and acting, his simple lifestyle made him an inspiration to many youngsters. But that inspiring character suddenly left this world at the age of 42. The reason was, 'cardiac arrest'.

In the last few years, not only in Nepal, but all over the world, news such as 'He fell and died while walking', 'He died while sleeping', 'Young people who were going to the gym suddenly fainted and could not survive' are increasing rapidly.

In the last few years, not only in Nepal, but all over the world, there are many news such as 'he died while walking', 'he died while sleeping', 'the young man who was exercising suddenly fainted, he could not escape', he fell while talking'.

Sudden death like this is often thought of as a heart attack, but medical science has shown that the reality is different. Doctors say that the real reason for most of these incidents is 'cardiac arrest' i.e. sudden heart failure.

What is cardiac arrest?

Cardiac arrest is when the heart suddenly stops working. Senior Consultant Cardiologist Dr. According to Ranjit Kumar Sharma, the word cardiac refers to the heart and arrest means stopping or stopping. When the electrical system of the heart breaks down, the heart beats irregularly and the heart cannot pump blood, the condition is called cardiac arrest. Dr. Sharma is currently the head of cardiology department at Medicity Hospital.

How can it lead to death? In response, Dr. Sharma says, 'Heart is the most important pump of our body. It continuously carries blood with oxygen to all parts of the body. When a cardiac arrest occurs, the heart suddenly stops working. Its effects start to appear in the brain within a few seconds. The person suddenly faints, breathing stops and the supply of oxygen to the body stops. If the heart does not restart within 3 to 5 minutes, the brain is permanently damaged and death occurs.

Why does cardiac arrest happen?

Dr. According to Sharma, in most cases, heart attacks occur first. A heart attack damages the heart muscle, due to which the electrical system of the heart breaks down, leading to cardiac arrest. During a heart attack, a sudden blockage (clot) forms in the artery that supplies blood to the heart (coronary artery) or the artery is completely closed. This causes the electrical system (rhythm) of the heart to deteriorate due to insufficient blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscle.

After the rhythm is disturbed, the normal movement of the heart is disturbed, leading to dangerous conditions such as ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. In this condition, the heart cannot pump blood effectively, the heart only 'vibrates', not pumping. Cardiac arrest in this way Dr. Sharma says.

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Therefore, if a heart attack is left untreated, it can turn into a cardiac arrest and cause death, he says.

He says that heart rhythm disturbance is another reason for cardiac arrest. "A heart attack, electrolyte imbalance, stress, medication, or congenital causes can cause the heart to beat very fast or irregularly," Dr. Sharma says, 'When the lower part of the heart starts beating very fast or irregularly, the heart cannot pump blood. It can knock down a person in a few seconds.

Cardiomyopathy (thickening of the heart muscle)

Virat Medical College Senior Cardiologist Dr. According to Madhav Bista, cardiomyopathy is the thickening of the heart wall. It makes the heart hard and does not allow blood to fill. This problem is mostly congenital and many are not aware of it. He says that the first symptom is sudden death.

"The most dangerous aspect is that congenital heart disease may be hidden in many young people," says Dr. Bisht. Even if a person with these diseases looks healthy on the outside, the risk of cardiac arrest increases due to sudden excessive stress, alcohol consumption, or physical fatigue.

Therefore, he suggests that young people should also get their heart health checked from time to time. Dr. Bisht says that it is wise not to do too much physical exercise at once and not to insist on alcohol.

Why is cardiac arrest increasing in young people?

In the last 10-15 years, the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest among young people is increasing rapidly all over the world. Nepal is also not exempt from this. The problem of cardiac arrest in Nepal is increasing alarmingly. Sharma says. First cardiac arrest It was considered to be a disease that occurs in 60-70 years, says Dr. Sharma, but now, even in the age group of 25 to 45 years, its number is increasing alarmingly.

According to him, the biggest reason for this is the modern lifestyle. The habit of sitting in front of mobile phones, laptops and screens for a long time has made the body inactive. When physical activity decreases, weight increases, cholesterol increases, blood pressure increases and the arteries of the heart narrow. He says that this situation will later cause heart attack and cardiac arrest.

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Cardiologist Dr. Stress and lack of sleep in today's youth is another main factor leading to cardiac arrest. Bisht says. Dr. Bisht says, "The habit of using mobile phones till 2-3 o'clock in the night, sleeping irregularly, and taking pressure from work makes the electrical system of the heart unbalanced. It causes cardiac arrest, heart attack."

Smoking, alcohol, energy drinks, junk food and processed food have become part of the daily life of the youth. Dr. They cause swelling of body parts, increase blood pressure and damage of arteries. Bista says.

Studies have confirmed that such incidents can happen even after drinking too much alcohol. According to a study published in the National Library of Medicine, excessive alcohol can cause heart rhythm disturbances, which can make the heart beat irregularly. Alcohol lowers blood pressure and causes electrolyte imbalance, which destabilizes the heart. Sleeping drunk also increases the risk of vomiting or respiratory arrest. Those with chronic heart disease or other health problems are at greater risk.

What is the difference between heart attack and cardiac arrest?

In our society, cardiac arrest and heart attack are considered as one problem. But from a medical point of view, these two problems are completely different. Sharma says.

A heart attack is a blockage of the coronary artery leading to the heart and the oxygen supply to the heart muscle is stopped. It damages a part of the heart. But a person who has a heart attack can speak, walk, reach the hospital,'' he says, 'but cardiac arrest is the stopping of the heart. In this condition, the heart cannot pump blood at all. The person immediately collapses, passes out and can die within a few minutes.

According to him, cardiac arrest is a more dangerous condition than heart attack because it has the danger of dying quickly. If CPR and defibrillator are not used immediately, chances of survival are very low. For this reason, defibrillators are placed in sports fields, gyms, airports, large department stores, malls, railway stations, offices, etc. around the world, says Sharma.

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"This device is easy to use and gives instructions by speaking," says Sharma, "If someone has a sudden cardiac arrest, anyone can use it to save their life."

What are the symptoms of cardiac arrest?

Cardiac arrest often comes without warning, but before that, the body has already started giving small signals. The problem is, many young people ignore those signs as fatigue or gastric. According to Dr. Sharma, chest pain, sudden increase in heart rate, difficulty in breathing, dizziness are some of its symptoms. Sometimes chest heaviness, burning sensation, pain in the back, neck or left arm can also be signs of a heart attack. Cardiac arrest can occur after a heart attack.

If a young person is experiencing the problem of frequent fainting, shortness of breath while running or climbing stairs, waking up at night while sleeping, then it should not be taken as normal, said Dr. Madhav Bista says. "That's not normal, it could be a sign of hidden heart disease," he says.

Sudden collapse, unresponsiveness, stopping breathing is a condition of cardiac arrest. At that time even a few seconds can be important. Bisht says.

Is it possible to treat patients with cardiac arrest?

Treatment of cardiac arrest is possible, but only within the first few minutes of hospital delivery. Dr. According to Ranjit Sharma, if a cardiac arrest occurs, the first treatment is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), not medicine. If the person can be rescued by giving CPR and being taken to the nearest hospital, the person can return to normal life. That is why it is called 'Basic Life Supporter'.

Dr. According to Ranjit Sharma, if a cardiac arrest occurs, the first treatment is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), not medicine. If the person can be rescued by giving CPR and being taken to the nearest hospital, the person can return to normal life. That is why it is called 'Basic Life Supporter'.

If a person suddenly collapses, CPR should be started immediately by chest compressions. He says that if the heart is not started within 3-5 minutes, the brain will be permanently destroyed and the person will die.

According to Dr. Bisht, people who survive cardiac arrest can be treated long-term with pacemaker, medicine or surgery after finding out the cause of the heart problem. He says that after such treatment, he will return to normal life if he pays attention to his lifestyle.

What is Alpha School in America, where AI teaches instead of teachers!

 What is Alpha School in America, where AI teaches instead of teachers!

What comes to mind when you think of ‘school’? Surely, for many, classrooms from kindergarten to 12th grade, front-line teachers, and long lessons come to mind. This is how schools have been set up for centuries. But now, as AI is changing our lifestyle, the traditional way of learning and schooling has also started to take a new form.

Alpha School, located in Texas, USA, has become a global sensation due to its unique and modern way of teaching students. Instead of a teacher teaching 25-40 students at a time as per the traditional style, it is said that in this school, students are instructed individually by AI guides. It is said that the AI ​​system also analyzes their progress and provides immediate feedback, which helps them improve their weaknesses.

At Alpha School, students are said to have to study for only 2 hours a day. According to international media, after two hours of study, Alpha School students spend time on physical activity, problem-solving activities, leadership exercises, and life skills. These include activities ranging from long bike rides to creative projects and entrepreneurship training.

Another feature of Alpha School is its financial rewards system. Students are said to earn money for completing assignments, projects, or mastering skills, which they can spend on their own projects or interests, or even invest.

According to international media, Alpha School is not a school that appeared overnight or became famous. It has been operating on campuses in Texas, Florida, and California for more than a decade, and is now preparing to expand to New York City. It is said that a new Alpha campus is planned to open in Manhattan next September, with annual tuition fees ranging from $40,000 to $65,000, depending on the location.

This unique and technological teaching style demonstrated by Alpha School has shown the potential for education to take on a completely new form through innovation, not just limited to books and teachers.

What are the procedures for postmortems and identification of those who died in the protests?

 What are the procedures for postmortems and identification of those who died in the protests?

Coordination between forensic science, police, and hospitals is necessary to identify and determine the cause of death of those who died during the protests.

An official letter of medico-legal examination from the police is required before the postmortem is conducted, which confirms the cause of death.

DNA analysis and other scientific methods are used to identify bodies that have been burned, but identifying completely burned bodies is challenging.

Violent incidents during protests cause great human loss. In such incidents, a complex and sensitive procedure is adopted to identify and determine the cause of death of those who die due to gunshots, fire, or other injuries.

Coordination between forensic science, as well as the police, and hospitals is very important to identify and determine the cause of death of the deceased. This process is sensitive from both a scientific and legal perspective.

Incident and initial procedures

People who die during the protests are often taken to the hospital immediately by eyewitnesses or friends. The name of the deceased is registered in the hospital and treatment is attempted. If the person is confirmed not to be alive, the body is sent for postmortem. Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu is a well-equipped centre for mortuary storage and postmortem. The body is preserved in a freezer facility. The teaching hospital has the necessary equipment for proper management of the body and postmortem, which makes the process systematic.

Identification process of the deceased

Initial identification

The identity cards, jewellery or other personal belongings of the deceased form the initial basis for identification. The name and address of the deceased can be ascertained from such items. If such items are not available, the relatives come to the hospital and identify the body.

Personal belongings are of great help in the identification process, but sometimes other scientific methods have to be used in cases where these items are destroyed.

Notification to relatives

Once the details of the deceased are registered in the hospital, the relatives are informed. The hospital maintains a list of the names of the deceased, which the relatives look at to identify the body. Once the identity is confirmed, the postmortem process proceeds.

Postmortem and medico-legal process

A medical-legal examination is required from the police before a postmortem can be conducted. In cases where police stations are affected, such a letter is issued by the Kathmandu Police Complex. A postmortem determines the cause of death, such as gunshot wounds, injuries or fire. This process is important for the relatives of the deceased and the community to uncover the truth.

The main causes of death during the protests currently include gunshot wounds, internal injuries, head injuries or fire. In cases of gunshot deaths, doctors analyze the nature of the bullet and the damage to the body.

Identification of people who died in a fire

The identification of bodies that died in a fire is complicated. For example, in the case of seven people who died in a fire in Bhatbhateni, identification is challenging. Methods such as presumptive identification and DNA analysis are used to identify burned bodies. If jewelry, clothes or other personal belongings are left, they can be used to identify them.

DNA Analysis

When a body is not completely burned and some tissue remains, DNA is extracted and analyzed. This process is carried out at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory of the Nepal Police. DNA analysis can confirm the identity of the deceased, but this process is time-consuming and resource-intensive.

DNA Analysis Process

DNA Extraction

DNA is extracted from white blood cells, because red blood cells do not have a nucleus. DNA can be extracted from bones or teeth in burned bodies, if they are not destroyed.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR-M)

If the amount of DNA is low, the amount of DNA is increased by the PCR-M process. This makes it easier to analyze the DNA sequence adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine.

Profile Matching

The DNA profile of the deceased is compared with the DNA of his father or mother. A 50 percent match between the father or mother's DNA confirms the identity.

Challenges in completely burnt bodies

If the body is completely burnt and the tissues are destroyed, DNA analysis is not possible. In such a case, identification becomes impossible. Also, if the relatives of the deceased do not contact them in time, the process becomes more complicated. The possibility of identifying completely burnt bodies is limited, but we must make the most of the resources and technology available.

This process is not only to identify the deceased and determine the cause of death, but it is also a means of ensuring truth and justice in society. Such sensitive processes provide comfort to the victim’s family and provide truthful information to society.