How does Pantop work when eaten with gastric?

 How does Pantop work when eaten with gastric?

Acid is produced in the stomach every day, which helps in digesting food. This acid must be released from the stomach for digestion. But sometimes, for some reason, more acid is produced than required. It is called gastric.

Increased acid causes heartburn, heartburn and loss of appetite. In this case, the medicine taken for relief is pentaprazole. Pentaprazole is a proton pump inhibitor drug. This drug is colloquially known as pan top. The proton pump is the digestive juice, which is in the stomach layer. This medicine controls the secretion of digestive juices.

In what situation to use?

- Digestive problems especially when there is too much acid from the stomach or gas

- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (regurgitation after eating)

- In case of swelling in the esophagus, which carries food through the mouth to the stomach. (This problem causes chest burning, discomfort and loss of appetite.)

- Heartburn (For heartburn, medicine should be taken only on the advice of a doctor. Because heartburn can sometimes be caused by heart problems.)

- Ulcer problems

- If there is a tumor in the stomach

How does it work?

This drug belongs to proton class. When our stomach produces more acid than necessary, in that case sour belching, stomach ache and reluctance to eat occur. In this case, the work of this drug is to reduce or stop the amount of acid by disrupting the work of cells that produce acid in the stomach. As soon as its quantity decreases, the symptoms related to stomach pain will decrease.

This medicine also prevents the negative effects on the esophagus caused by acid.

How to take this medicine, when to take it?

It is a medicine that is swallowed by keeping it in the mouth with water. It should not be broken or chewed. But while taking medicine, it should not be taken on the basis of Hachuva. It is necessary to consult a doctor before taking any medicine.

This medicine should always be taken on an empty stomach. And, if you take it only occasionally, you should take a small amount.

How much to take depends on the health condition. It is a normal condition, one can be taken in the case of belching and sour water coming into the mouth. In many cases, it may be necessary to take more. Which is determined by the doctor.

In what condition should this medicine not be taken?

Women with liver disease, lack of calcium in the blood, low levels of magnesium, potassium, pregnancy and breastfeeding women should not take this medicine.

Does any medicine interact with this medicine?

People who are taking Atazanavir, Nelfinavir, Amplicin, Delaviserdine, Iron Salt, Ketoconazole should not take this medicine. Because these drugs can react with Pantop drugs and cause other side effects.

Should not be used for a long time?

It doesn't make any difference to eat pantop sometimes. But if you eat more, it can be harmful. Some people have a habit of taking this medicine when they have a stomach ache. If you eat this way continuously, it can cause problems such as weakening of bones, polyps (meat growth) in the stomach.

How fast does it give results?

This medicine starts working two hours after taking it. Its effect lasts for 24 hours. It may take up to four weeks to see its effectiveness and relief from symptoms.

This drug is sold in three forms.

– 20 mg delayed-release oral tablet

– 40 mg delayed-release oral tablet

– 40 mg granules for delayed-release oral suspension

In some cases, this drug is also given through a needle.

How to store?

This medicine should be kept in a very cool, dry and safe place. And, it should be kept away from the reach of children. Also, it should not be kept in the sun and damp places.

What are the side-effects?

Allergic reactions such as itchy skin, swelling of the face, lips, tongue and throat

Kidney injury, decreased urine output, swelling of heels, hands and feet

Magnesium deficiency, muscle and joint pain, rapid heartbeat

Low vitamin B-12 levels, tingling hands and feet, muscle weakness, difficulty concentrating

Diarrhea, fever and vomiting

If these side-effects are observed, the medicine should be stopped immediately and the relevant doctor should be contacted.

history

Pantoprazole was invented by scientist Bike Gulden in 1980. And the production and sales distribution took place in 1985. This drug was extracted while searching for a cure for ulcer.

Does your sugar level increase in summer? Learn how to control diabetes in this season

 Does your sugar level increase in summer? Learn how to control diabetes in this season

If you have diabetes then summer season can be a challenging season for you. Learn how you can control your diabetes during this time.

If your insulin level or blood sugar level (Blood Sugar Level) is not controlled properly in the summer season, then diabetes patients are at the highest risk in this season. If your blood sugar is too high then it can be more serious in these summers. Depending on your activities, low blood sugar can also become a concern and not only this, diabetes can damage your sweat glands. Due to which you don't even sweat properly. All this is due to the increase in temperature in the outdoor weather. Rising temperatures can also damage your medications and testing equipment. So you have to keep your medicines safe with you. Before going out in the summer, it is important that you keep your blood sugar under control.

What do experts say?

Our expert Dr. Vinay Bhatt, General Medicine, Columbia Asia Hospital, Ghaziabad says that heat mostly affects your blood sugar level. How much it affects you depends on how hydrated you are, how active you are, and what you eat and drink. If you are sweating profusely then it may be because you are getting dehydrated and your blood glucose level is increasing. Due to this, you can urinate again and again due to which you will get more dehydration and your sugar level can also increase more. Your medicines can also break down on their own due to high temperatures, so keep them in a cool place.

How to control diabetes in summer?

1. Adjust insulin (Adjust Insulin Level)

Be sure to ask your doctor how you can adjust your insulin level before exercising so that it does not increase your sugar and glucose levels. Many doctors will give you these tips that how you can control your blood sugar level in summer.

2. Drink More Water

The main cause of blood sugar increase is dehydration and to avoid this you should drink more water so that your body can stay hydrated.

3. Keep checking the blood sugar level (Check Your Sugar)

The temperature outside in summer can increase or decrease your blood sugar, so it is a good idea to keep checking your sugar level frequently. You can try to control your diabetes only according to your sugar level.

4. Stop Getting Dehydrated

Keep a bottle of water or liquids with you that do not increase your sugar and if you are going out, drink a little water all the time so that you can avoid dehydration in diabetes.

5. Fix blood sugar (Keep Glucagon Kit)

In summer, not only your blood sugar (Blood Sugar) may increase but also decrease. Which in itself is a concern and for this you should always keep your glucose tablets with you.

6. Avoid Sunburn

If you stay in the sun too much, you may get sunburn and it may increase blood sugar, so protect yourself from sunburn.

7. Keep Healthy Snacks With You

If you want to control your sugar then some snacks can also replace your meal.

If you have diabetes, you have to make more efforts to protect yourself and your medicines during the summer season, so avoid going out too much.

How does the cockroach spread, what diseases can it transmit?

 How does the cockroach spread, what diseases can it transmit?

Cockroachs are found in everyone's house and kitchen. Especially in summer, the chain gives more pain. As the weather temperature rises, the chains in the house and kitchen start to loosen. It not only creates random garbage, but spreads diseases by sitting on food and utensils.

Epidemiologist Dr. Such chains that enter the house through sewers, basins, gardens and directly attack food and transmit disease germs to food. Sher Bahadur explains again. But if people eat such foods, people may suffer from diarrhea, cholera, typhoid fever, and viral infections, he says.

Food poisoning

When cockroaches infest food, it releases a type of bacteria. The chain contains bacteria that spread the virus called Salmonella. Its consumption can cause food poisoning and typhoid.

Allergies

Due to chainsaw, it causes allergy problem in sensitive people. It can cause skin problems. The chain produces saliva from the mouth. Because cockroaches live in the kitchen, their saliva remains on the utensils used to cook food and also on the bed. Which causes swelling, itching and burning due to allergy problems.

Infections caused by bacteria

Studies have shown that because cockroaches live in places like bathrooms and sewers and eat dirty food, the bacteria called Pseudomonas aeruginosa is present in the stomach of cockroaches. The bacteria is in the food eaten by the cockroach. When a person eats the same food, it causes problems in the digestive process and can cause various digestive diseases and sepsis, i.e. infection in the blood.

Similarly, according to the World Health Organization, the disease is not transmitted because of the chain, but it plays an auxiliary role in transmitting the disease. Apart from that, cockroaches carry the eggs of various parasites, which can cause problems such as eye swelling, itching, burning, and skin infections.

Dr. is very strong to remove the chain. Repeat. Various studies have shown that the reproductive capacity of cockroaches will increase and the immune capacity will also be strong. "Therefore, apart from easily digesting insecticides, it cannot be easily removed as the chain stays in the corner of the house," said Dr. Pun says, "But in Nepal, no study has been done on chains."

How to avoid?

The best way to prevent diseases transmitted by cockroaches is to keep the house clean. The cleaner the house is, the less likely it is to get a chain. Keeping dirty dishes clean or washing them daily, keeping store rooms, underground parking dry and clean, grocery items, dirty clothes, egg crates and other things being brought home, if you take a good look once, you can prevent chains from coming into the house. Apart from that, by closing the sewers, garbage and water sources, you can avoid diseases that can be transmitted by snakes.

It can also be controlled by using various pesticides, sealing food in clean containers, cleaning the area around food and removing the smell of food.

6 materials that can be used to kill cockroaches

Anti-roach gel

Anti-roach gel available in the market is an effective material to repel cockroaches. Because it contains a liquid that attracts cockroaches, even a drop of which is enough to kill a cockroach.

The chain is attracted by that jhol. When cockroaches eat that drug, after 2-3 hours the cockroaches start dying. This medicine is also easy to use. You should keep 10-20 drops of this bag without leaving the corner of the house. Many chains come in narrow places.

Red Heat Cockroach Killer Spray

Red Heat Cockroach Killer Spray can be used to get rid of cockroaches in the house immediately. Many people use it because it can kill chains immediately.

Mortin to in one

Mortin can kill not only cockroaches but also other mosquitoes and insects. That is why it is also called two in one. To remove the chain from the house, first of all shake the bottle and sprinkle mortar on the place where the chain is.

began

Eggplant spray is a medicine that many people use to kill cockroaches. The gel that comes out of it attracts the cockroach and forces it to eat, then the cockroach dies. By eating this gel, the cockroach becomes infected and spreads the infection to other cockroaches as well. As a result, other chains also die.

As the chemicals used in it are harsh, do not apply on skin, eyes and clothes. So be careful when spraying. Likewise, it should not be allowed to fall on pets, plants and dishes.

Lakshmanrekha

Lakshmanrekha is also an excellent product for killing cockroaches. This product is preferred not only in Nepal but also abroad. Lakshmanrekha's packet gets choked. Chalk draws a stake in the place of the house and if the chain crosses that stake, they die.

Cockroach Killing Bait

Cockroach Killing Bait Powder is effective in killing not only cockroaches but also their eggs. Its dust should be sprinkled where the chain will come. It is also environment friendly as it is a chemical free powder.

The origin of the chain

A study conducted on the chain has shown that the origin of the chain is from India and Myanmar. From there, it is believed to have gradually spread elsewhere. For this study, the researchers collected 280 chains from 17 countries in 6 continents. According to them, the cockroach that is currently spreading around the world is of the German species. Researchers claim that its origin is in Southeast Asia 2100 years ago.

How did the chain spread?

It is seen that the chain has spread around the world through two routes. Chains are believed to have reached Western countries from West Asia 1200 years ago. Researchers say that cockroaches came to the West from bread baskets. After that, the researchers claim that the chain entered Europe from the soldiers of the British East India Company who reached Europe 270 years ago. It is said that the German cockroach, a common species found worldwide, originated in India and Myanmar.

These 6 ingredients, which can remove the chain from the house

During the rainy season, cockroaches are very annoying in the house. The number of snakes increases rapidly in this season than before. Cockroaches enter most homes through the bathroom or kitchen water pipes. It not only makes food dirty, it spreads disease by sitting on cooking utensils.

The arrival of cockroaches is a sign of danger of disease. Because as long as the chain remains, the disease will surround it. Through the kitchen of the house, the chain gradually appears in every corner of the house. What is amazing about it is that it has a very high fertility. That makes it difficult to eradicate it completely. Its real purpose is to make your home in the home kitchen.

It is not possible to kill by hand as the number of chains is very high. Therefore, if you are worried about the fear of chains at home, then these 6 types of materials available in the market can be a solution. Although it cannot eradicate it completely, it can reduce the number of snakes.

1. Anti-roach gel

Anti-roach gel available in the market is an effective material to repel cockroaches. Because it contains a liquid that attracts cockroaches, even a drop of which is enough to kill a cockroach.

Cockroaches are attracted to that poison and when the cockroach consumes the medicine, the cockroaches die after 2-3 hours. This medicine is also easy to use. You should keep 10-20 drops of this bag without leaving the corner of the house. Many chains come in narrow places.

2. Red Heat Cockroach Killer Spray

Red Heat Cockroach Killer Spray can be used to get rid of cockroaches in the house immediately. Many people use it because it can kill chains immediately.

3. Mortin to in one

Mortin can kill not only cockroaches but also other mosquitoes and insects. That is why it is also called two in one. To remove the chain from the house, first of all shake the bottle and sprinkle mortar on the place where the chain is.

4. began

Eggplant spray is also known as the most powerful mosquito repellent. The gel released from it attracts the cockroach and forces it to eat, which kills the cockroach.

By eating this gel, the cockroach becomes infected and spreads the infection to other cockroaches as well. As a result, other chains also die.

As the chemicals used in it are harsh, do not apply on skin, eyes and clothes. So, be careful when spraying. Likewise, it should not be allowed to fall on pets, plants and dishes.

5. Lakshmanrekha

Lakshmanrekha is also an excellent product for killing cockroaches. This product is preferred not only in Nepal but also abroad. Lakshmanrekha's packet gets choked. Chalk draws a stake in the place of the house and if the chain crosses that stake, they die.

6. Cockroach Killing Bait

Cockroach Killing Bait Powder is effective in killing not only cockroaches but also their eggs. Its dust should be sprinkled where the chain will come. It is also environment friendly as it is a chemical free powder.

How much is the price?

The grams of such products available in the market are different. Accordingly, its price also varies. Generally, its price starts from 200.

This is how cockroaches spread disease in the kitchen

Even after the summer season starts, one should be careful in eating. Food spoils quickly. On top of that, flies and cockroaches contaminate food. Flies can be controlled, but it is difficult to control after the chain spreads.

Especially, the chain that lives in the corner of the kitchen is also safe in places like the toilet drain. Thus it is not so easy to eradicate the chain because it is safe anywhere and has high reproductive capacity.

This is a life that has been on earth for thousands, millions of years. Chains are found in every house. Chains are found in the corners of the house. There are chains everywhere, bedroom, kitchen. Such chains contaminate food. When we eat such food, we get stomach problems. Vomiting or diarrhea may occur.

There is a possibility of food poisoning due to chain link. Apart from this, typhoid can also be a problem. Why this happens is that the chain is the main source of spreading the virus called Salmonella.

Allergies are caused by cockroaches. It can cause skin problems. Especially the chain produces saliva from the mouth. Such saliva can remain in any kitchen item. Saliva remains on dishes and food. In addition, the saliva of the snake remains in the bed of the mosquito, which causes the problem of allergies.

Cockroach stomach bacteria gets into the food. It causes problems in digestion. According to a study, the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is found in the stomach of cockroaches. It causes urinary tract infections, digestive problems and sepsis.

Chain is an enemy for asthma patients. An increase in the number of cockroaches in the house means more problems for asthma patients.

How to avoid?

-Sangla spreads very fast in summer. Its ability to produce children is high. Can't even be killed easily. Because even if its head is cut off, it can stay alive for a few days. It usually hides in kitchen corners, beds, drawers, etc. In this way, some home remedies can also be used to get rid of the hidden chains.

- The first way to get rid of cockroaches is to clean the house. A clean and bright place is not suitable for it.

- Grind garlic, onion and pepper equally. Prepare the solution by mixing the paste with water. Now put that solution in a bottle and sprinkle it on the corner of the chain. After regular spraying of the solution for some time, the problem of chain link is relieved.

- Dry and baking soda should be mixed in equal amounts and placed in a place where the cockroaches live. A little water should also be kept next to it. After eating soda, it drinks water and dies. Baking soda is harmful when it enters its stomach.

Make soap solution by dissolving detergent in water. Any type of soap can be used for this. This solution should be sprayed on the place where the chain stays with the medium of the sprayer.

How did the chain spread around the world?

For the study, the researchers collected 280 chains from 17 countries on 6 continents.

 Be it a bed or a drawer. Whether it is a kitchen faucet or a bathroom faucet, we are seeing chains. 6 Legs No matter how much you beat this worm, it will not die immediately.

Even if you kill them by spraying pesticides, they will appear again in the same number after a couple of days. Where did the chains that occupied the corners of the house originate and how did they spread around the world? Researchers have found interesting facts about this.

A recently published study showed that cockroaches originated in India and Myanmar and gradually spread elsewhere. It has been studied through chain genetics.

It has explored the thousand-year history of how cockroaches reached Europe and other continents through South East Asia. According to the study, cockroaches spread around the world by traveling with other species or people.

For the study, the researchers collected 280 chains from 17 countries on 6 continents. According to them, the cockroach that is currently spreading around the world is of the German variety. According to researchers, its origin is in Southeast Asia 2100 years ago.

Professor Stephen Richard, who studies insect genetics at Baylor College of Medicine, told the AP, "This research is not just related to one insect. It is also related to insects and humans.

It is seen that the chain has spread around the world through two routes. It seems that cockroaches came to Western countries from West Asia 1200 years ago. According to the researchers, cockroaches came to the West from bread baskets. After that, the researchers claim that the chain entered Europe from the soldiers of the British East India Company who reached Europe 270 years ago.

Researchers say that the German cockroach, a common species found around the world, originated from Myanmar or India. They say that they moved from there.

Cockroaches of the German species are considered to be the most deadly. It is found in warmer or cooler places. This type of chain is more common in bathrooms and kitchens. It infects humans with diseases such as salmonella or E-coli. "The origin of the German cockroach is a bit of a mystery," says the researcher.

If we look at historical facts, cockroaches were more widespread in Europe towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Researchers say that cockroaches are now more common in Africa and Asia.

The German chain connects with Asia. The Bay of Bengal region is believed to be its origin. Although this species is seen to have reached western countries from India and Myanmar 1200 years ago, researchers say that it reached Germany 250 years ago.

Studies have shown that its spread has increased since the 20th century. According to the researchers, the heaters used in the vehicles and the rooms and the pipes connected to the houses have further helped in its spread.

Does cheese increase cholesterol?

 Does cheese increase cholesterol?

Paneer is a favorite dish of vegetarians. Just as meat is dear to others, paneer is to vegetarians. It is a must-have dish in vegetarian kitchens during festivals.

Eating paneer is not only delicious but also beneficial for health. Because it contains nutrients like fat, protein, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium that the body needs.

Considering that it is good for health and sweet in terms of taste, many people eat paneer a lot, but because it is beneficial, you should not eat more than necessary. Because eating too much cheese increases the level of 'bad cholesterol' which harms the body.

how

Due to the high content of fat and protein in paneer, it takes time to digest compared to other vegetables. On top of that, it is customary to grate the paneer and add ghee and twelve spices to eat it. Eating high protein and spicy food on top of that also increases calories.

Therefore, if you eat a lot of cheese dishes, it constantly burdens the digestive power and as a result, problems arise in the digestive process.

If there is no physical exercise, it accumulates in the body and gradually narrows the blood vessels. If the blood vessel shrinks, the cholesterol level will increase, blood pressure may also increase.

Similarly, Bazariya Paneer also contains salt. Which increases sodium consumption. High sodium also increases blood pressure.

If you already have high blood pressure and diabetes, you should not eat more cheese than your body needs. It increases the risk of cholesterol.

An article published in the British Heart Foundation also mentions that cheese is high in saturated fat and salt, which increases cholesterol and blood pressure.

As the level of both of these increases, heart disease can also increase, so the foundation recommends that cheese should be cooked in a healthy way and eaten in limited quantities.

So what are the limitations of cheese?

Food that benefits our body does not have to be eaten full. Even if you eat a little, you will get enough nutrition.

Be it cheese or other protein foods, if we eat as much as we do, we do physical activity accordingly, then the food will be digested. But if we don't work, we eat a lot, even limited food can cause digestive problems.

Generally, a healthy person can eat 200 grams of paneer daily for nutrition. If you eat this much, your body will get the same amount of protein as meat.

Nutrients found in paneer

Lactose is less in paneer. It is rich in fat, protein, calcium, vitamins, phosphorus and minerals.

Apart from this, vitamins A, B12, B9, B7, B6, B5, B3, B2 can also be found in some amount of cheese.

You also need to know how to eat

Paneer is high in protein so it can be eaten in the morning and afternoon. It is advisable not to include protein in dinner as much as possible. As the evening progresses, the digestive capacity of the body slows down and it becomes difficult for the stomach to digest heavy food.

As far as how to eat? It is said that, instead of grating the cheese, it can be cooked fresh by mixing it with vegetables or other vegetables with less spices or putting it inside roti, paratha.

Many people may not know that cheese is delicious and healthy when grated into a salad or eaten with two or three pieces of cheese mixed with lemon and salt according to taste.

Not only cholesterol, other health problems also appear if you eat more than the limit.

Kidney stones

Paneer is rich in calcium. Which is beneficial for bones. But if you eat too much, it can cause kidney stones. The National Kidney Foundation recommends not eating more than 1,000 to 1,200 grams of calcium a day.

flatulence

If you eat more cheese than you need, you will not be able to digest it. Since paneer contains a lot of protein, if it takes time to digest, its consumption may cause flatulence or acidity.

Constipation and diarrhea

Constipation or diarrhea may occur if you eat too much cheese. Eating spicy paneer in the evening can cause diarrhea because digestion cannot work.

Which foods contain vitamin A, what are the benefits?

Vitamins and minerals are essential elements for the human body. These elements benefit the body.

Vitamin A strengthens bones, heals wounds and increases immunity and keeps skin healthy. Also, it converts food into energy and keeps the cells healthy.

In general, vitamin A works to keep the body active and healthy. The human body needs vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K, vitamin D and vitamin B.

Due to lack of vitamin A, various problems can appear in the body. Vitamin A can be obtained through food. Vitamin A helps keep the heart, lungs, and kidneys healthy.

Types of Vitamin A

There are two types of vitamin A, 'active vitamin A' and 'beta carotene'. Active vitamin A is also known as retinal. The second vitamin, pro-vitamin A, is found in fruits and vegetables. Which is called carotenoid.

Vitamin A use

Vitamin A is essential for good health. Vitamin A increases the strength of the eyes and keeps the muscles in the eyes healthy. It is also beneficial for fertility and fetal development.

Vitamin A helps to maintain calcium levels in the blood, strengthen bones, and make teeth healthy and strong. In addition, vitamin A also provides energy to the body.

What happens with vitamin A deficiency?

Lack of vitamin A can cause loss of eyesight. Its deficiency can cause problems such as dry eyes, dry hair, dry skin, colds, fatigue, insomnia, weight loss and pneumonia. It is appropriate to use vitamin A to overcome such health problems.

How much vitamin A to take?

Eating any food in excess will affect your health. When eating food or taking nutrients, it is important to pay attention to its quantity.

When the amount of vitamin A is high, problems such as headache, eye pain, frequent fatigue, hair loss, skin problems and joint pain may appear. Therefore, when using vitamin A, it should be taken in the right amount.

A source of vitamin A

Beetroot, Greens, Broccoli, Whole grains, Paneer, Nuts, Butter, Carrots, Chilli, Dairy products, Rajma, Mutton, Mango, Spinach, Peas, Parsley, Red chilli, Seafood, Turnip, Tomato, Sugarcane, Watermelon, Corn kernels, yellow or orange fruits are sources of vitamin A.

How does the kidney work?

 How does the kidney work?

According to the famous medical journal "The Lancet", by the year 2019, around 700 million people worldwide are suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is estimated that more than 14 lakhs have lost their lives.

According to a national study based on Global Burden of Disease data (coordinated by Achyutaraj Pandey), 6-7 percent of the total population in Nepal are suffering from chronic kidney disease, while the death rate is two to three per million.

The kidney is an organ that filters out the excess water and impurities in the human body and sends them out of the body through urine. Each bean-shaped kidney is four to five inches long. In which there is a very small filter called nephron. Senior kidney disease expert Prof. This filter will send blood disorders and excess water out of the body. Dr. Divya Singh Shah says.

The kidney's job is to balance fluid levels in the body, filter waste and toxins from the blood, secrete hormones that control blood pressure, activate vitamin D to maintain healthy bones, and produce hormones (which direct the production of red blood cells).

Consultant Urologist Dr. Anil Pukar Sah says, 'Kidney plays an important role in maintaining the balance of minerals (sodium, phosphorus, potassium) in the blood.'

Kidneys filter about 200 liters of blood in 24 hours. In addition to removing the disordered substances in the blood through this process, Dr. Dr. will balance the amount of water in the body by taking out excess water through urine. Shah says.

Structure of kidney

There are two kidneys in the body. Kidneys are located behind the abdomen on both sides of the spine.

In an adult, the kidney is about 10 cm long, 6 cm wide and 4 cm thick. Each kidney weighs about 150 to 170 grams.

What effect does drinking a little water have on the kidneys?

The function of the kidneys is to filter the toxins in the body and remove them with urine. As the process of removing more water from the body - diarrhea, vomiting and sweating, and drinking less water, the blood pressure in the body decreases.

"When the blood pressure drops, the heart cannot circulate blood to the kidneys in the required amount, which affects the work done by the kidneys. Because of this, kidney disease specialist Dr. Nishant Acharya says.

Drinking less water in such a situation increases the risk of accumulating toxins in the body. Which also affects kidney function. In addition, there is a risk of kidney stones, kidney infection and even kidney failure," he says. "Therefore, to keep the kidneys healthy, you should drink three to four liters of water every day."

How does drinking a lot of water affect the kidneys?

As it is said, "If you eat too much of a pill, it will be bitter", Dr. Dr. Acharya says.

If you have to drink three to four liters of water daily, drinking four and a half liters or five liters of water will not have much effect. But drinking a lot of water on a daily basis puts a burden on the kidneys and can cause problems in the kidneys, he says.

A person who already has kidney problems has a reduced ability of the kidneys to filter water. Therefore, such patients should drink less water. Such people should drink water according to the doctor's advice.

Many organs of our body are active 24 hours a day, including the kidneys. Dr. The kidneys are doing their work even while sleeping at night. Acharya says.

Kidney is a careful organ. It can do what the body needs and doesn't need in a natural way," he says. "If someone goes without drinking water for a day, fasts, the kidneys manage the water that the body needs from other parts of the body."

Other causes of kidney problems

Kidney problems can happen to anyone, but people with diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity and those who regularly take pain relievers are at higher risk. Similarly, if someone in the family has a kidney problem, other family members are also likely to have it. Senior nephrologist Prof. Dr. Singh says.

Symptoms of kidney failure

Pvt. Dr. Singh says, 'When you wake up in the morning, swelling of the eyelids, swelling of the ankles, body swelling, sudden weight gain, anemia, laziness, feeling tired, shortness of breath even after walking a little are the symptoms of kidney failure.'

There are also problems like bone pain, frequent urination, not much foam coming out when passing urine, and the color of urine is like tea.

Some kidney problems may not show any symptoms. But sometimes stomach ache, burning urine, fever may occur. If such a problem repeats, it may be a kidney problem," said Dr. Singh says.

What is the treatment for kidney failure?

After kidney failure, you should first go to the hospital and undergo tests to find out which stage it is. In Nepal, most of the people with chronic kidney problems go to the doctor only as a last resort.

There are five stages of kidney failure. The fifth stage is the last stage. Patients up to the fourth stage are cured by taking medicine. If it is in the first stage, it will not go to the second, if it is in the second, it will not go to the third. But medicine should be taken regularly.

But if the patient has reached the last i.e. fifth stage, dialysis and kidney transplant are the only options.

Also read this

What are the symptoms of kidney failure?

10 Interesting Facts About Kidneys

- An adult's kidney weighs 142 grams. It is equal to a human fist.

- The largest kidney stone found so far is 1.1 kg.

- The right kidney is just below the liver and it is the largest human internal organ. The left kidney is smaller than the right one.

- There are 1.1 million cells in the kidney. These are called nephrons. If they are connected and made like a rope, it will be eight kilometers long.

- Kidney cleans the blood 400 times a day.

- If the blood pressure in the human body is low, the kidneys give a message to constrict the blood vessels.

- Kidney cleans 1.3 liters of blood every minute.

- The biggest cause of stones is not drinking enough water.

- 25 percent of the total blood in the body goes from the heart to the kidneys.

- During a kidney transplant, the new kidney is placed inside the pelvis. It is not necessary to remove the old kidney.

Where does body fat go after exercise?

 Where does body fat go after exercise?

Exercise reduces body fat, but where does it go? This question may arise in the mind of many. A few years ago, 150 doctors, dieticians and physical trainers were asked questions about this topic.

There were three answers.

1. Fat is converted into energy and heat.

2. Fat turns into muscle.

3. Fat is converted into carbon dioxide and water.

Out of this, 147 people answered it wrongly. If you think the answer is 'A' or 'B' then it is wrong. Ruben Meerman, a scientist at the School of Biomolecular Sciences at the University of New South Wales, says many experts don't know the answer.

He says, 'Most people say that fat is converted into energy, which is wrong. In fact, this is against the laws of conservation of matter, which follow chemical reactions. Similarly, Meerman says that option 'B', i.e. the conversion of fat into muscle, is also impossible.

According to Merman's research published in the British Medical Journal in 2014, the correct answer is c. That is, fat is converted into carbon dioxide and water. According to research, water comes out of the body in the form of urine, sweat, breath and other bodily fluids. In which the main organ of the body, the lungs, has an important role.

Elaborating on this, Mirman wrote on TheConversation.com, "If someone loses 10 kg of fat, 8.4 kg of it comes out as carbon dioxide and the remaining 1.6 kg comes out as water." In other words, we are generally losing this much weight. The lungs play an important role in this reduction. Which we leave as breath.

Why were the doctors wrong?

Because only three of the 150 experts who were surveyed gave the correct answer to this question. Merman conducted a survey of this question among experts in Australia, America, Britain and some European countries, but the answer was wrong everywhere.

Also Merman's conclusion is based on the fact that what we eat should also include the amount of oxygen we take. For example, if 3.5 kg of food and water are consumed in the body, then we have also taken 500 grams of oxygen. We ate a total of four kilos. Therefore, four kilos should come out of the body. Otherwise, the weight will increase", says Meerman.

What to do to reduce obesity?

According to Meerman, it is necessary to remove carbon from fat cells in order to lose weight. The carbon we release when we breathe.

Meerman writes, 'This cannot happen because hyperventilation is caused by taking more breaths than necessary. Which can cause dizziness and fainting.

Therefore, he says that the only way to increase the amount of carbon dioxide from the body is to increase muscle activity.

What is the most effective solution?

Meerman says that carbon dioxide can be produced in the body in many other ways besides exercise. While standing, cooking, cleaning, walking, the body's metabolism increases three times.

If you want to lose weight, Meerman suggests eating less and exercising your body more.

What is the central thesis of Dumont’s theory of caste? Does this theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali Society? How?

What is the central thesis of Dumont’s theory of caste? Does this theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali Society? How?  

The central thesis of Louis Dumont’s theory of caste is that the Hindu caste system is based on the principle of hierarchy, with Brahmans at the top and untouchables at the bottom. Dumont argues that this hierarchy is not based on economic or political power, but on religious purity and pollution. He further argues that the caste system is a holistic system, in which all aspects of life, including work, marriage, and religion, are interconnected.

Dumont’s theory has been influential in the study of caste, but it has also been criticized. Some critics argue that Dumont overemphasizes the importance of hierarchy and ignores other aspects of caste, such as economic and political power. Others argue that Dumont’s theory is Eurocentric and does not take into account the unique cultural context of India.

Despite these criticisms, Dumont’s theory remains an important contribution to the study of caste. It provides a framework for understanding the complex dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations. It also challenges us to think about caste in a new way, as a holistic system that is embedded in Hindu culture.

Does Dumont’s theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali society?

To some extent, yes. The caste system is still a powerful force in Nepali society, and Dumont’s theory can help us to understand how it works. For example, Dumont’s theory would help us to understand why there is still a great deal of discrimination against Dalits, the lowest caste group in Nepal. It would also help us to understand why inter-caste marriages are still rare.

However, Dumont’s theory does not capture the full complexity of caste relations in Nepal. For example, the caste system is not static, and it has been changing in recent years. There is a growing movement for Dalit empowerment, and there is increasing awareness of the problems caused by caste discrimination. In addition, the caste system is not the only factor that shapes social relations in Nepal. Other factors, such as class, gender, and ethnicity, also play a role.

Overall, Dumont’s theory is a useful tool for understanding caste relations in Nepal. However, it is important to remember that it is just one tool, and it should not be used in isolation. We need to use other tools, such as historical analysis and ethnographic research, to get a full picture of caste relations in Nepal.

Here are some specific examples of how Dumont’s theory can be used to understand caste relations in Nepal:

The persistence of caste discrimination. Despite the fact that Nepal has a secular constitution and laws that prohibit caste discrimination, Dalits continue to face discrimination in many areas of life, including education, employment, and housing. Dumont’s theory would help us to understand why this is the case. He would argue that the caste system is a deeply ingrained part of Hindu culture, and that it is difficult to change.

The rise of Dalit empowerment. In recent years, there has been a growing movement for Dalit empowerment. This movement has led to the formation of Dalit political parties and organizations, and it has also led to increased awareness of the problems caused by caste discrimination. Dumont’s theory would help us to understand why this movement has emerged. He would argue that it is a sign of the changing nature of the caste system, and that it is a challenge to the traditional Hindu hierarchy.

The intersection of caste with other social factors. Caste is not the only factor that shapes social relations in Nepal. Other factors, such as class, gender, and ethnicity, also play a role. Dumont’s theory would help us to understand how these factors intersect with caste. For example, he would argue that Dalit women face a double burden of discrimination, because they are both Dalit and women.

In conclusion, Dumont’s theory is a useful tool for understanding caste relations in Nepal. However, it is important to remember that it is just one tool, and it should not be used in isolation. We need to use other tools, such as historical analysis and ethnographic research, to get a full picture of caste relations in Nepal.

Who was Louis Dumont. List out Louis Dumont's  The major themes of Domont's theory of caste and explain it. 

Louis Dumont (1911-1998) was a French sociologist who is best known for his work on caste in India. His book, Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and Its Implications, is considered to be a classic in the field of social anthropology.

Dumont argued that the caste system is a system of hierarchy, with Brahmans at the top and untouchables at the bottom. He argued that this hierarchy is not based on economic or political power, but on religious purity and pollution. He further argued that the caste system is a holistic system, in which all aspects of life, including work, marriage, and religion, are interconnected.

Dumont's theory of caste has been influential in the study of caste, but it has also been criticized. Some critics argue that Dumont overemphasizes the importance of hierarchy and ignores other aspects of caste, such as economic and political power. Others argue that Dumont's theory is Eurocentric and does not take into account the unique cultural context of India.

Despite these criticisms, Dumont's theory remains an important contribution to the study of caste. It provides a framework for understanding the complex dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations. It also challenges us to think about caste in a new way, as a holistic system that is embedded in Hindu culture.

Here are the major themes of Dumont's theory of caste:

Hierarchy: Dumont argued that the caste system is a system of hierarchy, with Brahmans at the top and untouchables at the bottom. He argued that this hierarchy is not based on economic or political power, but on religious purity and pollution.

Holistic system: Dumont argued that the caste system is a holistic system, in which all aspects of life, including work, marriage, and religion, are interconnected.

The pure and the impure: Dumont argued that the caste system is based on the distinction between the pure and the impure. Brahmans are considered to be the purest caste, while untouchables are considered to be the most impure.

The individual and the group: Dumont argued that the caste system is based on the principle of the individual being subsumed into the group. He argued that this is in contrast to Western individualism, which emphasizes the importance of the individual.

The sacred and the secular: Dumont argued that the caste system is based on the distinction between the sacred and the secular. He argued that the caste system is a religious system, and that it should not be analyzed in terms of secular categories, such as economics or politics.

Dumont's theory of caste has been influential in the study of caste, but it has also been criticized. Some critics argue that Dumont overemphasizes the importance of hierarchy and ignores other aspects of caste, such as economic and political power. Others argue that Dumont's theory is Eurocentric and does not take into account the unique cultural context of India.

Despite these criticisms, Dumont's theory remains an important contribution to the study of caste. It provides a framework for understanding the complex dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations. It also challenges us to think about caste in a new way, as a holistic system that is embedded in Hindu culture.

Does this theory capture the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali Society?  In your opinion, is Dumont's theory relevant to analyze the nature of caste in Nepal?

Dumont's theory of caste can be used to understand the dynamics of caste hierarchy and inter-caste relations in contemporary Nepali society, but it is important to remember that it is just one tool, and it should not be used in isolation. We need to use other tools, such as historical analysis and ethnographic research, to get a full picture of caste relations in Nepal.

Here are some specific examples of how Dumont's theory can be used to understand caste relations in Nepal:

The persistence of caste discrimination. Despite the fact that Nepal has a secular constitution and laws that prohibit caste discrimination, Dalits continue to face discrimination in many areas of life, including education, employment, and housing. Dumont's theory would help us to understand why this is the case. He would argue that the caste system is a deeply ingrained part of Hindu culture, and that it is difficult to change.

The rise of Dalit empowerment. In recent years, there has been a growing movement for Dalit empowerment. This movement has led to the formation of Dalit political parties and organizations, and it has also led to increased awareness of the problems caused by caste discrimination. Dumont's theory would help us to understand why this movement has emerged. He would argue that it is a sign of the changing nature of the caste system, and that it is a challenge to the traditional Hindu hierarchy.

The intersection of caste with other social factors. Caste is not the only factor that shapes social relations in Nepal. Other factors, such as class, gender, and ethnicity, also play a role. Dumont's theory would help us to understand how these factors intersect with caste. For example, he would argue that Dalit women face a double burden of discrimination, because they are both Dalit and women.

In conclusion, Dumont's theory is a useful tool for understanding caste relations in Nepal. However, it is important to remember that it is just one tool, and it should not be used in isolation. We need to use other tools, such as historical analysis and ethnographic research, to get a full picture of caste relations in Nepal.

As for whether or not Dumont's theory is relevant to analyze the nature of caste in Nepal, I believe that it is. However, it is important to remember that Nepal is a unique country with its own history and culture. As such, it is important to be aware of the limitations of Dumont's theory and to use it in conjunction with other theories and perspectives.

Here are some other theories and perspectives that can be used to understand caste in Nepal:

Marxism: Marxism argues that caste is a form of class oppression. This theory can be used to understand the economic and political dimensions of caste.

Feminism: Feminism argues that caste is a form of gender oppression. This theory can be used to understand the ways in which caste intersects with gender.

Postcolonialism: Postcolonialism argues that caste is a form of colonial oppression. This theory can be used to understand the ways in which caste was shaped by colonialism.

By using a variety of theories and perspectives, we can get a more nuanced understanding of caste in Nepal. This understanding can help us to develop more effective strategies for challenging caste discrimination and promoting social justice.

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