Why do people get headaches and red eyes after drinking alcohol?

 Why do people get headaches and red eyes after drinking alcohol?

A headache after drinking alcohol is a common problem, which people know as a ‘hangover’. That is why most people say they have a hangover after drinking too much alcohol.

According to an article based on a study published on the American website National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), a hangover refers to the symptoms that appear as a result of drinking too much alcohol.

What science says is that when we drink too much alcohol, we experience a hangover, or when our head starts to hurt, we feel dizzy, and by that time there is no alcohol left in our body.

Why do we get headaches after drinking alcohol?

Dr. Rajiv Jha says that headaches are common after drinking alcohol. ‘Alcohol itself is a bad drink, which keeps the body in its grip for a long time,’ says Dr. Jha, ‘A person who drinks alcohol can have a hangover for two days. That is why people who drink alcohol experience headaches, body aches, laziness, and weakness.

After drinking alcohol, there is an immediate and another long-term side effect. Headache is an immediate side effect, says neurologist Sunilram Koirala. ‘Alcohol is a substance that mixes with the blood as soon as it reaches the stomach. Its full effect starts to be seen within 10 minutes to one to two hours,’ says Dr. Koirala. ‘Our brain needs to be informed by the nervous system. Various chemicals are being produced there. Alcohol blocks them and changes the brain’s information system.’

That is why people who drink alcohol start to experience problems such as being unable to think, unable to make decisions, slurred speech, and unable to remember, says Koirala. He says, ‘Alcohol overstimulates our nervous system and brain, making it almost like thinking.’

Alcohol is made from ethanol. Ethanol is a type of poison found in alcoholic beverages. Enzymes in our body break it down and convert it into various other chemicals. The most important of these is acetaldehyde. The main cause of hangovers is this acetaldehyde, says Dr. Saroj Kumar Suwal, a specialist in orthopedics and neurology.

According to Dr. Suwal, when alcohol is broken down in our liver, a more toxic chemical called acetaldehyde is formed. A substance called glutathione tries to make acetaldehyde less toxic. But when you drink a lot of alcohol, the level of glutathione decreases and acetaldehyde starts accumulating in large quantities in the body. It is broken down further and converted by enzymes into another chemical, acetate.

This acetate chemical is converted into fatty acids and water. Acetaldehyde enters the bloodstream and is distributed around the body. It damages healthy cells and causes hangovers, including dizziness.

Drinking too much alcohol can lower blood sugar levels, which can lead to weakness, lightheadedness, and fatigue, says Dr. Suwal. “After drinking alcohol, you urinate more than usual,” says Dr. Suwal. “In this case, not drinking enough water can lead to dehydration. Dehydration can trigger headaches and migraines in people with migraines. Also, people with migraines are more likely to have hangovers after drinking alcohol.”

Alcohol consumption also affects sleep. Most people drink alcohol late at night. As a result, they do not get enough sleep. This is also why they experience fatigue and headaches, said Suwal.

Why do eyes turn red after drinking alcohol?

Alcohol has different effects on each person. Alcohol consumption slows down the speed of communication between neurotransmitters in the brain. This can delay the brain and eye receiving messages. It weakens the coordination of the eye muscles. Due to which excessive alcohol consumption can cause problems such as dry eyes and redness, says Dr. Koirala.

When the effects of alcohol increase, the amount of sugar in the blood decreases. Koirala says that due to the lower amount of sugar in the blood than required, the eyes become blurry and vision becomes weak and the eyes become red.

Prevention methods

You can find a lot of information on social media about ways to reduce alcohol hangover. However, Dr. Koirala says that none of the methods have been scientifically proven to be effective.

‘There is no medicine to get rid of a hangover,’ says Dr. Koirala, ‘it starts to go away on its own after some time. You have to wait for the person’s body to digest alcohol, eliminate toxins from the body, rehydrate, repair the cells that have been burned by alcohol, and restore normal brain activity.’

To reduce the effects of a hangover, you need to reduce the amount of alcohol. He says that the more you reduce the amount, the less hangover you will have.

Why do cholesterol patients increase in hospital after Dashain?

Why do cholesterol patients increase in hospital after Dashain?

We understand Dashain as a festival of eating and drinking. That is why Manlagdi is eaten at this time. Fish, meat and alcohol are mandatory during Dashain.

Even those who don't drink at other times drink because it's a festival. Drunkenness was a better excuse. They sit and drink from morning till midnight.

On top of that, Sitan was also wanted. Grilled, fried, spicy, bitter, sour meat. Dalmot, chips. What is the habit of most of them is to take vinegar after drinking alcohol.

Such foods may not have an immediate effect. However, with the onset of winter, the number of patients in the hospital begins to increase. Most of them have cholesterol problems. After all, why did they have bad cholesterol? The uncontrolled eating of the same Dashain is one of the reasons behind this.

What happens when cholesterol increases? Why does it increase? Let's understand it in common language.

Cholesterol is a layer of fat in our body. Cholesterol is necessary for proper blood flow in the blood vessels and the structure of the body's cells. However, if the amount of cholesterol in the blood is more than required, it accumulates in the blood vessels, liver and heart.

Blood collects in the blood vessels and narrows the blood vessels. This is why the blood flow is not good. What this does is increase the risk of stroke, heart attack and heart disease.

This problem is mostly seen in people with heart problems and high blood pressure. However, it does not mean that it is not seen in others.

Cholesterol is such a problem, the early signs of which do not match anything. It suddenly causes problems. Its general symptoms can be seen in anyone. Like white spots appearing around the eyes, black spots appearing on the back of the neck. However, in most cases, this problem is not detected without testing.

When the problem increases, it becomes difficult to handle it. Therefore, it is advisable to find preventive measures before such a problem occurs.

What to do now?

Be alert and take necessary precautions before problems occur. For this, some conditions must be followed.

- Reduce the consumption of red meat. Instead of red meat, white meat and fish can be consumed.

- Do not eat too much ghee, butter, cheese and animal fats.

- Cholesterol contains triglycerides. As carbohydrates increase the amount of triglycerides, eat such foods as little as possible.

- Sugary foods are high in carbohydrates, so eat as little as possible.

- In case of heart disease and high cholesterol level, take related medicine regularly.

- Consuming more fruits and green vegetables than meat.

- Eating less fat and skinned meat.

- Full sleep.

- Don't drink alcohol. Even if you do, consume very little.

Consuming high amounts of fibrous and fiber-rich foods.

Along with diet, you should also pay attention to exercise. At least five days a week you should walk briskly for 30 to 45 minutes.

A medical emergency situation

Eating alcohol and meat indiscriminately increases cholesterol. Apart from that, there are also many people who come to the hospital with a bone stuck in their neck. People are not alert and alert when they are drunk. At that time, when they eat bones with meat, there are many cases of them getting stuck in the throat. This is a medical emergency. In such a situation, if not treated immediately, it can lead to death.

Likewise, people with heart problems, high blood pressure, and those taking blood thinners can also be at risk from uncontrolled eating.

 

Why Perform Multiple Comparison Tests After ANOVA?

Why Perform Multiple Comparison Tests After ANOVA?

 ## Why Perform Multiple Comparison Tests After ANOVA?

After conducting a one-way **Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)** and finding a significant overall difference among the group means, it is necessary to perform multiple comparison tests for the following reasons:

1. **ANOVA only tells you that at least one pair of means is significantly different**, but it does not specify which pairs differ. Multiple comparison tests help identify which specific pairs of means are significantly different from each other.

2. **Without multiple comparisons, it is not possible to control the family-wise error rate (FWER)**, which is the probability of making one or more Type I errors (false positives) when performing several statistical tests simultaneously. Multiple comparison tests adjust the significance level to maintain the desired FWER.

3. **Multiple comparison tests provide more detailed information about the patterns of differences among the groups**, allowing for a better understanding of the relationships between the groups.

## Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) Test

**Tukey's HSD** is a commonly used multiple comparison test that controls the FWER. It is particularly useful when all pairwise comparisons are of interest and the sample sizes are equal across groups.

The steps involved in Tukey's HSD test are as follows:

1. **Calculate the test statistic q for each pair of means**:

   $$q = \frac{|\bar{X}_i - \bar{X}_j|}{\sqrt{\frac{MSE}{n}}}$$

   where $\bar{X}_i$ and $\bar{X}_j$ are the means of the $i$th and $j$th groups, $MSE$ is the mean square error from the ANOVA table, and $n$ is the sample size per group.

2. **Compare the calculated q values to the critical value** from the Studentized Range distribution table, which depends on the desired significance level ($\alpha$) and the number of groups ($k$).

3. **If the calculated q value for a pair of means exceeds the critical value**, the difference between those means is considered statistically significant at the specified $\alpha$ level.

4. **Tukey's HSD test maintains the FWER at $\alpha$ level** by using a more conservative critical value compared to conducting multiple individual t-tests.

## Interpreting Tukey's HSD Results

After performing Tukey's HSD test, the results can be interpreted as follows:

1. **If the difference between two means is significant**, it indicates that those two groups are significantly different from each other at the specified $\alpha$ level.

2. **If the difference between two means is not significant**, it suggests that those two groups are not detectably different from each other at the specified $\alpha$ level.

3. **The results can be presented using a compact letter display (CLD)**, where groups that are not significantly different from each other are assigned the same letter.

In summary, Tukey's HSD is a powerful multiple comparison test that helps identify which specific pairs of means are significantly different after a significant ANOVA result. It controls the FWER and provides a clear interpretation of the relationships among the groups.

Citations:

[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeNWMIU9gWw

[2] https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Statistics/Inferential_Statistics_and_Probability_-_A_Holistic_Approach_%28Geraghty%29/13:_One_Factor_Analysis_of_Variance_%28ANOVA%29/13.06:_Posthoc_Analysis__Tukeys_Honestly_Significant_Difference_%28HSD%29_Test85

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukey%27s_range_test

[4] https://arc.lib.montana.edu/book/statistics-with-r-textbook/item/59

[5] https://real-statistics.com/one-way-analysis-of-variance-anova/unplanned-comparisons/tukey-hsd/

[6] https://www.isixsigma.com/dictionary/tukeys-1-way-anova/

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearman%27s_rank_correlation_coefficient

[8] https://www.raybiotech.com/learning-center/t-test-anova/

Where does body fat go after exercise?

 Where does body fat go after exercise?

Exercise reduces body fat, but where does it go? This question may arise in the mind of many. A few years ago, 150 doctors, dieticians and physical trainers were asked questions about this topic.

There were three answers.

1. Fat is converted into energy and heat.

2. Fat turns into muscle.

3. Fat is converted into carbon dioxide and water.

Out of this, 147 people answered it wrongly. If you think the answer is 'A' or 'B' then it is wrong. Ruben Meerman, a scientist at the School of Biomolecular Sciences at the University of New South Wales, says many experts don't know the answer.

He says, 'Most people say that fat is converted into energy, which is wrong. In fact, this is against the laws of conservation of matter, which follow chemical reactions. Similarly, Meerman says that option 'B', i.e. the conversion of fat into muscle, is also impossible.

According to Merman's research published in the British Medical Journal in 2014, the correct answer is c. That is, fat is converted into carbon dioxide and water. According to research, water comes out of the body in the form of urine, sweat, breath and other bodily fluids. In which the main organ of the body, the lungs, has an important role.

Elaborating on this, Mirman wrote on TheConversation.com, "If someone loses 10 kg of fat, 8.4 kg of it comes out as carbon dioxide and the remaining 1.6 kg comes out as water." In other words, we are generally losing this much weight. The lungs play an important role in this reduction. Which we leave as breath.

Why were the doctors wrong?

Because only three of the 150 experts who were surveyed gave the correct answer to this question. Merman conducted a survey of this question among experts in Australia, America, Britain and some European countries, but the answer was wrong everywhere.

Also Merman's conclusion is based on the fact that what we eat should also include the amount of oxygen we take. For example, if 3.5 kg of food and water are consumed in the body, then we have also taken 500 grams of oxygen. We ate a total of four kilos. Therefore, four kilos should come out of the body. Otherwise, the weight will increase", says Meerman.

What to do to reduce obesity?

According to Meerman, it is necessary to remove carbon from fat cells in order to lose weight. The carbon we release when we breathe.

Meerman writes, 'This cannot happen because hyperventilation is caused by taking more breaths than necessary. Which can cause dizziness and fainting.

Therefore, he says that the only way to increase the amount of carbon dioxide from the body is to increase muscle activity.

What is the most effective solution?

Meerman says that carbon dioxide can be produced in the body in many other ways besides exercise. While standing, cooking, cleaning, walking, the body's metabolism increases three times.

If you want to lose weight, Meerman suggests eating less and exercising your body more.

Mahakali Treaty: After 27 years Oli admits 'weakness', these are the three main 'mistakes' made by Nepal

About 27 years after the signing of the Mahakali Treaty, the Chairman of CPN-UML and former Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli, one of the people who played a role in getting the treaty approved by the Parliament, said that "there are some weaknesses" in the treaty.