What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal?

 Q. What is the structure of the caste system mentioned in 1854 A.D/ 1910 B.S. Muluki Ain of Nepal? 

The Muluki Ain was a legal code introduced during Jung Bahadur Rana's reign in Nepal. It laid down various provisions related to social hierarchy, including the caste system.

The caste system mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. The system was discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality, with individuals being restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste.

It is important to note that the Muluki Ain was eventually replaced by the new Civil Code in Nepal in 2017, which removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that has existed in Nepali society for centuries. The 1854 Muluki Ain was a legal code that further entrenched and codified the caste system in Nepal.

The Muluki Ain divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The caste system in Nepal was highly discriminatory and entrenched in social inequality. Individuals were restricted to certain professions and denied access to education and other opportunities based on their caste. For example, members of the lower castes were often denied education, and their employment opportunities were limited to menial jobs such as cleaning and farming. In contrast, members of the higher castes were able to access education and had access to a wider range of employment opportunities.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, it still persists in many parts of the country, and discrimination based on caste is still prevalent. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

In conclusion, the caste system in Nepal mentioned in the 1854 Muluki Ain was a discriminatory system of social stratification that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of Nepal. However, progress has been made in recent years, and the new Civil Code in Nepal ensures equal rights for all citizens, regardless of their caste.

Q. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. 

The caste system in Nepal, as codified in the Muluki Ain of 1854, was a hierarchical system of social stratification that divided Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Brahmins were considered the highest caste and were accorded the most privileges, followed by Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Within each caste were sub-castes, and the system was based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution.

The Brahmins were at the top of the caste hierarchy and were considered the purest and most learned of all castes. They were responsible for religious rituals, such as conducting pujas and performing other religious ceremonies. The Kshatriyas were the second-highest caste and were traditionally warriors and rulers. They were responsible for defending the country and maintaining law and order.

The Vaishyas were the third-highest caste and were traditionally traders and merchants. They were responsible for economic activities and commerce. The Shudras were at the bottom of the caste hierarchy and were traditionally laborers and servants. They were responsible for menial jobs such as farming, cleaning, and other low-skilled work.

Within each caste, there were sub-castes, which further divided society based on specific occupations or professions. For example, within the Brahmin caste, there were sub-castes such as the Bahun, Chhetri, and Thakuri. Similarly, within the Shudra caste, there were sub-castes such as the Kami, Damai, and Sarki.

The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status. Inter-caste marriages were discouraged, and inheritance and property rights were determined by an individual's caste. These provisions further entrenched the caste system and ensured that individuals remained trapped within their caste for generations.

The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste. Despite efforts to abolish the caste system in Nepal, discrimination based on caste still persists in many parts of the country. However, progress has been made in recent years to promote equality and eliminate discrimination based on caste. The new Civil Code in Nepal, which replaced the Muluki Ain in 2017, removed caste-based discrimination and ensured equal rights for all citizens.

Q. Marry Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make an argument?

Marry Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal. In her research, she argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas.

Cameron's argument is based on the observation that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to Dalitscation and other opportunities. However, in rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs. She argues that the focus on urban areas has led to a neglect of the needs and experiences of rural Dalits.

Furthermore, Cameron argues that there is a need for a more nuanced approach to Dalit identity politics that takes into account the diversity of experiences and challenges faced by Dalits across different regions of Nepal. She suggests that a more inclusive approach to Dalit politics, which includes the voices and perspectives of rural Dalits, is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

In conclusion, Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. She suggests that a more inclusive approach that takes into account the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits is necessary to address the systemic discrimination and social exclusion faced by Dalits in Nepal.

Summary:

1. What is the caste system in Nepal? 

   - The caste system in Nepal is a hierarchical system of social stratification that divides Nepali society into four main castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.

   - Within each caste, there are sub-castes that further divide society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The caste system is based on a hierarchy of purity and pollution, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

2. What is the Muluki Ain of 1854 in Nepal? 

    

    - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The Muluki Ain was a legal code that laid down various provisions related to caste and social hierarchy in Nepal.

   - It divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain also laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

3. Discuss the caste hierarchy of Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854. - The Muluki Ain was introduced in Nepal in 1854.

   - The caste hierarchy in Nepal based on the Muluki Ain of 1854 was a discriminatory system that entrenched social inequality and restricted opportunities for individuals based on their caste.

   - The system divided Nepali society into four main castes, with Brahmins at the top and Shudras at the bottom.

   - Within each caste, there were sub-castes that further divided society based on specific occupations or professions.

   - The Muluki Ain laid down various provisions related to marriage, inheritance, and property rights linked to an individual's caste status.

4. Mary Cameron argues that Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the problem of caste-based discrimination experienced by Dalits in rural areas. What led Cameron to make this argument? -

   - Mary Cameron is a scholar who has conducted extensive research on caste-based discrimination and social exclusion in Nepal.

   - She argues that much of the Dalit identity politics in Nepal is focused on urban areas, where there is greater awareness of Dalit issues and where Dalits have access to education and other opportunities.

   - In rural areas, where the majority of Nepal's Dalits live, caste-based discrimination is often more severe and more entrenched.

   - Cameron contends that the Dalit identity politics in Nepal has not paid enough attention to the specific challenges faced by rural Dalits, such as the lack of access to education and employment opportunities, and the persistence of traditional caste-based practices and beliefs.

Rules to keep the digestive system clean and strong

After eating any food, the process of digestion starts from the mouth. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller pieces such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. These nutrients then travel through our bloodstream to different parts of the body.

Half-digested food reaches our small intestine. The food is then sent to the large intestine. The body absorbs the useful nutrients contained in it. The rest of the food is excreted from the body as a disorder. The digestive system is working so well.

Probiotics are essential for the digestive system

Our body's immune system is very strong. There are more than 500 good bacteria in the stomach. These are the same bacteria that fight against the bad bacteria that grow in the body. Their job is to digest the food we eat and that is why our immune system is strong.

When bad bacteria start to grow in our digestive system, we feel like vomiting. It can also cause abdominal pain and diarrhea. The growth of bad bacteria can sometimes have the effect of a cleansing effect or an antibiotic. This activates the bad bacteria and starts destroying the outer layer of the intestine. That is why we sometimes get serious stomach ailments.

When food is not well digested

When our digestive system becomes weak, we start suffering from many diseases. If we do not digest what we eat properly, our body will also get inadequate nutrition. It loses the body's immune system.

People who suffer from gastric, constipation, or diarrhea are more likely to suffer from poor digestion.

The digestive system breaks down food into smaller pieces, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. These nutrients are then absorbed into your bloodstream and reach different parts of the body.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where your teeth grind the food, and the enzymes in the yolk begin to break it down. Then the half-digested food reaches our small intestine.

The food is then sent to the large intestine. And, its useful substances are absorbed by the body. The rest of the food is expelled from the large intestine to be discarded. It is our responsibility to keep such a complex digestive system healthy. So how

Eat properly

Let's always eat on time. Its timing should not be varied. Food should be eaten slowly. It should be swallowed only by chewing as much as possible. If you often suffer from stomach upset or indigestion, you should postpone your mealtime. Food should be eaten 3 to 4 hours before going to bed.

Fiber-rich foods

Fiber is very useful for your digestive system. Soluble fiber absorbs water and your excretion is perfect, which is easily excreted through your intestines. The low fiber in the diet can lead to many digestive disorders, such as constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis, and colon cancer.

Plenty of water

Women need to drink 2.1 liters of fluid and men need to drink 2.6 liters of water every day. If you are sweating due to hot weather or physical exertion, you should drink more.

Intake of Pro Biotics

Probiotics are bacteria that help keep the digestive system healthy. It can also be very helpful in conditions such as diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome. These bacteria increase the acidity of the intestines and help prevent the growth of harmful bacteria. As yogurt contains probiotics, it will be beneficial to consume it.

Consumption of sour fruits

When you think about improving your digestion, you will not have any unpleasant results. However, lemon juice has traditionally been used for digestion. Both the smell and taste of lemon will help to produce more and more. Like lemons, oranges can be helpful in the digestive system.

Use of herbs and spices

Herbs and spices not only enhance the taste of food but also help your digestion. Both its taste and smell help to create the gastric and urinary tract. For example, coriander, ginger, cumin, chili, chili, and turmeric can increase your bile acid and help digest carbohydrates and fats.

Let's quit smoking

Smoking weakens the muscles below your esophagus. This causes many problems to stop the process of acid formation in the stomach. Similarly, drinking a small amount of alcohol or sitting at the border does not harm your body. However, drinking too much alcohol can increase the production of stomach acid. And, it can invite other digestive problems.

Avoiding fatty foods

It takes a long time to digest high-fat foods, which leads to increased stomach load, and it is advisable to eat low-fat foods such as fish and lean meats instead of high-fat foods.

Let's use the kitchen as a hospital and the food as medicine

Covid 19 weakens the human body's ability to fight disease. Covid-19 not only weakens the immune system but also promotes global food insecurity. Food experts say. "Unhealthy eating has led to an increase in malnutrition and an increase in the number of food-related illnesses," he said. The need to invest has increased.

The famous Greek physician Hippocrates described the food as follows: "Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food." Are paying attention to what is beneficial for.

Research has confirmed which countries were most affected by the Kovid-19 epidemic and their eating habits also affected the spread of the disease, sparking further debate about food. Even farmers can produce easily. With this in mind, we need to focus on crop production and marketing and reset our food system. Adequate attention needs to be paid to these two things, food and nutrition.

Science has confirmed that more nutritious and quality food has medicinal properties that help protect human health from disease. The Kovid-19 epidemic is causing our food system to fail. We need to work in different ways to strengthen the failed food system. We must now reconsider farming and launch a campaign to plant nutritious crops. The first step is to introduce such foods and establish them in the minds of everyone.

This is even more relevant in the case of Nepal. A food-dependent country like ours should be able to manage a vibrant food system in its own country that will improve the health of the people, help increase disease resistance and prevent the country from falling prey to food dependence. This is a great opportunity for Covid-19 to create this kind of strategy. In our country, there are ample possibilities to produce healthy food with medicinal properties quickly and cheaply. Due to our eating habits, these crops were being overshadowed and their production was declining. The state did not pay attention to research and development and we became more and more dependent on food.

It is important to cultivate the food crops that can be produced following the geographical environment of Nepal by identifying them well. Uva, Barley, Kodo, Fapar, Chino Caguno, Junello are the crops that are highly nutritious and have health benefits. These crops are ideal for small and medium-scale farmers.

There is a close relationship between our bodies and food. We need to pay more attention to this and work together to formulate effective policies to address the issue of food. Policies to promote multi-sectoral coordination among agriculture, health, and food stakeholders to promote healthy food. The mindset of the builders needs to change. We know that good food is the key to a long and healthy life. Multinational organizations such as the European Union and the World Health Organization must work to make good food a social responsibility.

According to the United Nations, about 6 million people, or eight percent of the world's population, were malnourished in 2019. If this trend continues, this number may increase to more than eight million in the coming years. Guterres, chief executive of the World Health Organization, said. Countries must develop programs that standardize food and nutrition services, implement conservation programs for those working in the sector, prioritize food supply chains, and strengthen the social security of young children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, the elderly, and other at-risk groups. He has advocated for the transformation of the food system for a more inclusive and sustainable world.

The kitchen is like a home hospital. Food prepared in the kitchen determines our health. We need to promote good food. What we are eating now is hurting us.

safe banking system

How to keep the banking system safe?

 The security of the banking and financial system has been debated from time to time. But the truth is that there is still a tendency to be sensitive to security only when big banking frauds occur and to ignore small incidents.

More cyber attacks or attempts are being made in the financial sector. But such incidents are rarely public. Banks do not disclose such incidents on the grounds that their reputation, prestige and distrust in the service recipients will decrease.

In some cases, even looting crores of rupees, banks consider 'hiding privacy' as a solution. Hackers have started targeting ATM switches or servers. Although they have come to the realm of investing in security in recent times, they do not seem to be ready to avoid the danger in time.

It is a fact that some banks and financial institutions are not even following the instructions given by the National Bank to adopt the security system. The concerned institutions need to be serious to keep the banking system safe.

How to keep the banking system safe?

The network and system related to the card should be supervised regularly.

Arrangements should be made to audit the information system related to the card annually.

Arrangements should be made to conduct Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) of the card related system on a semi-annual basis.

Arrangements should be made to conduct quarterly risk assessment of the card related system and discuss it in the risk management committee of the concerned bank.

Arrangements should be made for regular centralized monitoring of ATMs connected to ATM amnesty. In addition, arrangements should be made to conduct such monitoring regularly even on Saturdays and other holidays.

Licensed financial service providers should arrange for cyber security insurance to minimize potential losses from cyber security risks.

In order to control the transaction limit through card, all banks and financial institutions should take the service of determining the transaction limit from Visa, MasterCard and other payment system operators.

Banks and financial institutions and PSO-PSPs should make arrangements to secure important infrastructure of information technology system using privilege access management.

Banks operating in compliance with Payment Card Industry and Data Security Standards (PCI-DSS) and operating ATM switches should make arrangements to audit PCI DSS annually.