How did mega concerts and tours become a money-printing machine?

 How did mega concerts and tours become a money-printing machine?

Taylor Swift's 'The Era' mega concert has grossed over $2 billion in two years, performing in 189 venues.

K-pop artists have adopted new strategies to connect with fans and make concert tours successful by using social media and technology.

As album sales have declined due to the development of digital technology, artists have made concert tours their main source of income.

Taylor Swift's mega concert 'The Era' ended in December 2024. A mega concert is a concert held in multiple venues under one banner. Taylor performed in 189 venues around the world for two years.

The tour also became the highest-grossing music event of all time. During that period, the tour grossed over $2 billion. No previous mega tour had grossed even half of that.

Nine months later, pop band Coldplay wrapped up their ‘Music of the Spheres’ world tour. Coldplay’s mega tour grossed over $1.5 billion.

This raises the question of how music’s mega concerts and tours are becoming a platform for generating more revenue.

Large fan base

How do musicians grow their fan base? How do they keep their fan base growing? We can look to K-pop artists to understand this.

K-pop is a blend of Korean and Western music styles. Their melodies and lyrics have energetic and swinging beats. And with that, dancing is also included. Not only that, K-pop artists are using social media and technology to connect with their fans.

Regarding their success, Kevin Kim, Asia head of Seoul-based music distribution company Root Notes, says, “One of the big differences between Western artists and Korean artists is that Korean K-pop artists are always online. They have a strong presence on YouTube. Many artists also chat directly with their fans through the ‘Bubble’ app.”

‘Bubble’ is a South Korean social networking platform. Through it, fans can communicate directly with their music stars.

Similarly, through the same app, K-pop artists also know how many fans they have. And, based on that, they plan their concert tours.

K-pop fans are also very emotional about the artists. Because some fans travel to distant cities and even other countries just to see an artist’s concert.

Concerts are often a new experience for K-pop fans. At the concert, fans carry a ‘light stick’, the color of which indicates which region they are from. Also, the organizers of the concert control the light of the light stick during the event. So that its color changes with different melodies of the music.

According to Kevin Kim, the light stick is made of very advanced technology. This makes the musical atmosphere at the concert different.

This makes the concert experience for fans very ‘dynamic’. They feel like they are part of the music. However, K-pop artists sell not only light sticks, but also other goods.

‘Korean artists sell many things such as posters, T-shirts and key chains with their pictures. T-shirts and key chains with new pictures are made and released for each concert,’ says Kevin Kim, ‘Their fans buy these things with great interest. And, collect them.’

These strategies have made concert tours more profitable than ever. But, the question arises, how was such a huge success possible? How did the old ways of making money by selling albums or CDs change?

Digital change

According to Serona Elton, a professor at the Frost School of Music at the University of Miami in the US, pop music bands used to use concert tours to promote their new music albums or CDs. However, now these music bands are making a direct profit from concert tours.

According to her, one of the main reasons for this is the change in digital technology in the last 20 years. Earlier, people used to go to music stores to buy an artist's album. However, now their songs can be easily downloaded from the Internet.

'Earlier, young people used to buy most music records or CDs. Now they use digital technology. This has changed the equation of the music industry, says Serena Elton, “When artists saw their music record sales gradually decreasing, they also started to make money through concert tours.”

During such concert tours, the internet streaming of artists’ music also increases. Because as soon as the concert is announced, fans start buying albums online. Although it does not benefit much. The main focus of artists is to perform grand concerts and sell all the tickets as much as possible. Again, to perform a grandiose concert requires a corresponding investment.

The grandeur of the concert

Often, such concerts are held in huge stadiums, where thousands of fans come. Fans sitting two or three rows behind the stage do not see the artists performing on the stage clearly. In such a case, large video screens must be installed in the stadium. So that the artists can be seen clearly and up close.

Similarly, the light and sound are also of the same level. And the same time and manpower are required to build the stage, dismantle it and move it to a new place. That's why it is essential to make a profit when doing such a big mega concert.

Social media also plays an equal role in making a concert tour successful. Usually, when performing at any place, the ratio of fans and purchasing power are considered a lot.

The economics of the tour

According to Adam Behr, head of the music department at Newcastle University in the UK, the work of pop music artists was not like it is now. They used to go to the studio. They would record an album. Then they would start promoting it. Music labels would help organize the tour. But in the digital age, this equation has changed.

'There is no limit to the online streaming of albums. But tickets for tour concerts are limited. The fun of live music is different. It makes the experience special,' says Adam Behr, 'that's why tour concerts are a hugely profitable business.'

According to Poppy Reid, music journalist and founder of Sydney-based 'Curious Media', concert tours are not for all artists. Only artists with millions of fans can do such a concert.

According to him, even if there is money in this business, the profit margin is low. Because the investment is high. However, it is not enough for the organizers of such mega concerts. The local community is also benefiting equally.

Because the number of days these artists stay in a city, they stay with great enthusiasm. That is why some governments appeal to bands like Taylor Swift, Beyoncé and Coldplay to come to their cities.

The then Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau, President of Brazil, Lula, and the heads of state of Chile and Thailand had requested Taylor Swift to tour their countries. This shows how important this mega tour is economically.

In the case of some artists, they earn income even after the mega concert. Taylor is an example of this. Taylor made a 6-part documentary in collaboration with Disney Plus on her ‘The Era’ tour.

According to Poppy Reed, organizing such tours involves huge expenses, which artists have no choice but to recover and make a profit. However, the bigger the concert, the more money it brings in. On the other hand, fans themselves believe that this is the reason why mega tours are so successful.

Does a dog bite transmit rabies? Let's know 9 myths and truths

 Does a dog bite transmit rabies? Let's know 9 myths and truths

The rabies virus is transmitted to humans through animal bites or their saliva, and it is fatal if not vaccinated on time.

Rabies can also be transmitted from not only dogs but also cats, monkeys, bats and foxes.

To prevent rabies, it is necessary to get vaccinated immediately after an animal bite.

Rabies is a disease caused by a virus. It is mainly a disease that occurs in animals, but it can also be transmitted from infected animals to humans. This virus remains in the saliva of infected animals. When an animal bites a person, the virus is transmitted to humans. Rabies is a serious and deadly disease, about which there are many myths and misconceptions in society.

Myth 1: Rabies is transmitted only through bites.

Truth: Rabies is usually transmitted through animal bites, but if the saliva of an infected animal enters the body in other ways, the disease can also be transmitted to humans. The disease can also be transmitted through cuts, abrasions, or contact with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth.

Myth 2: Rabies is only transmitted by dog ​​bites.

Truth: Many people have the misconception that rabies is transmitted only by dogs. However, this is not true. Rabies can also be transmitted by other animals such as cats, monkeys, bats, and foxes. Also, any rabies-infected animal can spread the disease.

Myth 3: Pets are protected from rabies.

Truth: Pets are not automatically protected from rabies. They need to be vaccinated on time. If they are not vaccinated, they can also be at risk of this disease. Therefore, it is important to regularly vaccinate your pet dog or cat against rabies. For this, you should consult a veterinarian.

Myth 4: Rabies vaccination is not necessary if you are bitten by a vaccinated dog.

Truth: If a pet dog or cat has been vaccinated and bites or scratches, you should seek medical advice immediately. Sometimes the vaccine can be missed or the immune system is not fully developed, so there is a risk of rabies. Therefore, post-bite vaccination should be done after consulting a doctor.

Myth 5: Rabies vaccine is given in the armpit.

Truth: Many still think that rabies vaccine is given in the armpit, but this is wrong. Modern medical science has made progress. Now rabies vaccine is not given in the armpit, but in the arm or sometimes under the skin. This modern vaccine is very effective and safe.

Myth 6: Applying turmeric, chili or oil to the bite site prevents rabies.

Truth: It is completely wrong to use home remedies like turmeric, chili on the bite site of a dog or cat. Such measures can cause more serious harm to the patient. The bite site should be washed immediately with clean water and soap and immediately go to the doctor and get rabies vaccine.

Myth 7: Rabies vaccine can be given at any time.

Truth: Many people think that rabies vaccine can be given at any time, but this idea is very dangerous. Rabies vaccine should be given immediately after a bite or scratch. Delaying treatment reduces the effectiveness of the vaccine. If symptoms appear, the disease cannot be treated. This disease is fatal.

Myth 8: Tetanus vaccine protects against rabies.

Truth: Many people seem to feel more confident after getting the tetanus vaccine, and some even avoid getting the rabies vaccine after getting the vaccine. As a result, we have experienced that people who have been bitten by a rabid animal have died due to rabies. Therefore, rabies vaccination is mandatory.

Myth 9: The vaccine should be given within 24 hours of a dog bite.

Truth: It is not necessary to get the vaccine within 24 hours of a dog bite. The sooner the vaccine is given after the dog or animal bites, the faster it works, so it is advisable to get it immediately. But even if it is delayed for some reason, it should be administered as soon as it is known or as soon as the vaccine is available.

Points to note

The only way to avoid rabies is prevention, which is possible through vaccination. If you have pets, they should be vaccinated on time. If you are bitten by an animal, you should immediately seek medical advice and do not use any home remedies on the wound. If symptoms of rabies appear, this disease can be fatal. Therefore, you should not believe any myths related to rabies and only follow the advice of a doctor.

Ways to keep Dashain meat healthy and safe for a long time

Ways to keep Dashain meat healthy and safe for a long time

During the festival season, many homes have an abundance of meat. If it is not properly preserved, it can spoil.

Clean equipment should be used while slaughtering and cleaning meat, and storage should be done at a temperature below 4 degrees Celsius.

The minimum internal temperature should be maintained at 62.8 degrees Celsius when cooking meat.

Now is the festive moment of Dashain. Those who are away from home for work and study have started returning home and gathering. How many people are traveling? How many are preparing for the trip? Meat is the most consumed food during Dashain family gatherings. Except for vegetarians, most people eat meat like every meal during Dashain.

Most families slaughter animals at home and store plenty of meat. At this time, every house has an abundance of meat. In this situation, if the meat is not stored properly, there is a risk of spoiling. And the meat can become poisonous. Consuming such meat can cause various health problems.

Improper slaughterhouse practices and methods, poor hygiene, and improper and inadequate meat preservation methods for large quantities of meat can create a breeding ground for harmful bacteria, which can cause unpleasant and sometimes serious illnesses.

To avoid such problems, special care must be taken from the time of slaughtering the animal to its other processes, storage, and even cooking.

Food poisoning from contaminated meat is mainly caused by microorganisms such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter. It can have mild to severe symptoms.

Symptoms

- Nausea, vomiting

- Diarrhea

- Abdominal pain

- Fever

In vulnerable people, such as young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems, food poisoning can have serious consequences.

How to slaughter safely?

For many, the Dashain tradition of slaughtering goats or other animals at home is a tradition. If this practice is not done hygienically, it can be a major source of infection in the meat.

-The designated place for slaughter should be clean and away from household waste and drains. There should be a place where the animal can be cleaned again after slaughtering.

-Make sure that the animal prepared for slaughter is healthy.

-Plenty of clean water should be provided for washing hands, tools and meat. Tools should be washed thoroughly with soap and hot water before and after using them.

-The person performing the slaughter should also pay attention to hygiene. Meat can be contaminated by a dirty person.

-People with contagious diseases (cold, fever, dysentery, etc.) should not participate in this activity.

-The intestines and internal organs should be removed carefully. When removing the internal organs, be very careful not to pierce the intestines, as this can spread feces and bacteria to the meat.

-After cooking, meat should be cooled to below 4°C as soon as possible to prevent bacterial growth. This can be done by using a refrigerator or clean ice.

Kitchen Safety

Once meat is brought into the kitchen, special care should be taken to prevent contamination. Maintaining good hygiene is important to prevent such problems.

Keeping raw meat and other vegetables separate

Use separate chopping boards, knives and utensils for raw meat and other foods, such as vegetables and salads. This will prevent harmful bacteria from being transferred from raw meat to ready-to-eat items.

-Always wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after handling raw meat.

Cooking to the right temperature

Most harmful bacteria are killed when cooked thoroughly. When preparing dishes, meat should be cooked thoroughly, especially until the pink color is gone.

For large cuts of meat, the recommended minimum internal temperature is 62.8°C. The best way to measure the temperature is to use a food thermometer.

Storing for later: Modern and traditional preservation

When a large amount of meat is available, how to store it properly?

Meat storage methods

1. Freezing

Fresh meat can be stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius or lower and consumed within a few days. For long-term storage, the meat should be frozen. For this, it should be cut into the required pieces, filled with packaging plastic, sealed and placed in the freezer.

The refrigerator used for storing meat must be in good condition. Meat can be contaminated and spoiled in a dirty refrigerator. If the meat is kept in this way, it can be stored for a long time.

2. Preserving cooked meat in fat

This method is called confiting in English. In this method, the meat, especially goat, pig or duck meat, is well marinated and then immersed in its own fat. The fat acts as a protective seal. The meat can be taken out when needed and prepared in various dishes as desired. No refrigeration is required for this.

3. Salting

This method is used especially in Western countries. In this, raw meat is salted heavily and hung in a dry, cool place or stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius. Before using such meat, it should be washed thoroughly in water to remove the salt.

4. Making Sukuti

This is a traditional Nepali method of preserving meat for a long time. Many Nepalis used to make long pieces of Dashain meat and hang it over the fire. Even today, meat can be seen being stored in this way in rural areas.Once the meat is well dried, it will not spoil even if kept for a long time.

To make suketi, the meat should be cut into thin and long pieces. This will allow it to dry evenly. It is best to dry it in a well-ventilated place, covered with a net to protect it from flies. The meat should be completely dry and hard before storing. Meat dried in a slightly smoky place will last longer.

5. Making Pakku

Pakku is a traditional Nepali meat dish. It is mainly made from goat or cow meat. The method of making it is special. The pieces of meat are marinated in spices such as ginger, garlic, cumin, and coriander and placed in a pot. Then, without using water, the meat is cooked in its own fat and juices at a low temperature for a long time.

When cooked in this way, the meat melts completely, becomes very soft and tasty, and its color is dark brown or black. Since it is cooked in its own fat without adding water, it does not spoil for many days.

It can be made into a broth and gravy as per the requirement. It can also be eaten with rice and curries. The pakku prepared in this way can also be stored at normal room temperature. If kept in the refrigerator, it will not spoil for many more days.

Do not eat too much

Consuming too many fatty and spicy meat dishes can cause digestive problems. To facilitate the digestion process, plenty of fresh vegetables, salads, and fruits should be included in the diet.

Drink plenty of water

Drink plenty of clean water throughout the day.

What are the procedures for postmortems and identification of those who died in the protests?

 What are the procedures for postmortems and identification of those who died in the protests?

Coordination between forensic science, police, and hospitals is necessary to identify and determine the cause of death of those who died during the protests.

An official letter of medico-legal examination from the police is required before the postmortem is conducted, which confirms the cause of death.

DNA analysis and other scientific methods are used to identify bodies that have been burned, but identifying completely burned bodies is challenging.

Violent incidents during protests cause great human loss. In such incidents, a complex and sensitive procedure is adopted to identify and determine the cause of death of those who die due to gunshots, fire, or other injuries.

Coordination between forensic science, as well as the police, and hospitals is very important to identify and determine the cause of death of the deceased. This process is sensitive from both a scientific and legal perspective.

Incident and initial procedures

People who die during the protests are often taken to the hospital immediately by eyewitnesses or friends. The name of the deceased is registered in the hospital and treatment is attempted. If the person is confirmed not to be alive, the body is sent for postmortem. Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu is a well-equipped centre for mortuary storage and postmortem. The body is preserved in a freezer facility. The teaching hospital has the necessary equipment for proper management of the body and postmortem, which makes the process systematic.

Identification process of the deceased

Initial identification

The identity cards, jewellery or other personal belongings of the deceased form the initial basis for identification. The name and address of the deceased can be ascertained from such items. If such items are not available, the relatives come to the hospital and identify the body.

Personal belongings are of great help in the identification process, but sometimes other scientific methods have to be used in cases where these items are destroyed.

Notification to relatives

Once the details of the deceased are registered in the hospital, the relatives are informed. The hospital maintains a list of the names of the deceased, which the relatives look at to identify the body. Once the identity is confirmed, the postmortem process proceeds.

Postmortem and medico-legal process

A medical-legal examination is required from the police before a postmortem can be conducted. In cases where police stations are affected, such a letter is issued by the Kathmandu Police Complex. A postmortem determines the cause of death, such as gunshot wounds, injuries or fire. This process is important for the relatives of the deceased and the community to uncover the truth.

The main causes of death during the protests currently include gunshot wounds, internal injuries, head injuries or fire. In cases of gunshot deaths, doctors analyze the nature of the bullet and the damage to the body.

Identification of people who died in a fire

The identification of bodies that died in a fire is complicated. For example, in the case of seven people who died in a fire in Bhatbhateni, identification is challenging. Methods such as presumptive identification and DNA analysis are used to identify burned bodies. If jewelry, clothes or other personal belongings are left, they can be used to identify them.

DNA Analysis

When a body is not completely burned and some tissue remains, DNA is extracted and analyzed. This process is carried out at the Central Forensic Science Laboratory of the Nepal Police. DNA analysis can confirm the identity of the deceased, but this process is time-consuming and resource-intensive.

DNA Analysis Process

DNA Extraction

DNA is extracted from white blood cells, because red blood cells do not have a nucleus. DNA can be extracted from bones or teeth in burned bodies, if they are not destroyed.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR-M)

If the amount of DNA is low, the amount of DNA is increased by the PCR-M process. This makes it easier to analyze the DNA sequence adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine.

Profile Matching

The DNA profile of the deceased is compared with the DNA of his father or mother. A 50 percent match between the father or mother's DNA confirms the identity.

Challenges in completely burnt bodies

If the body is completely burnt and the tissues are destroyed, DNA analysis is not possible. In such a case, identification becomes impossible. Also, if the relatives of the deceased do not contact them in time, the process becomes more complicated. The possibility of identifying completely burnt bodies is limited, but we must make the most of the resources and technology available.

This process is not only to identify the deceased and determine the cause of death, but it is also a means of ensuring truth and justice in society. Such sensitive processes provide comfort to the victim’s family and provide truthful information to society.

What to do to keep yourself and your family healthy during the current crisis? 8 ways

 What to do to keep yourself and your family healthy during the current crisis? 8 ways

In Nepal, the Gen-Z movement has burned down government structures and prisoners have escaped from prison.

Due to the shortage of medicine and limited hospital services, it has been suggested to treat common illnesses at home.

Contaminated water, pollution, and mental stress have increased health challenges due to the movement.

Nepal is currently at a very sensitive time. The Gen-Z movement has brought turmoil across the country. Government structures have been burned down, people's homes have been set on fire. Hospitals have become overcrowded. Prisoners have escaped from prison. The market system has become unstable, and the risk of medicine shortages and black marketing has increased. At such times, it is very important for individuals to be aware of public health.

The first thing to pay attention to during a crisis is the health security of themselves and their families. Problems such as lack of medicine, limited hospital services, polluted environment, contaminated water, and mental stress are current health challenges.

Amidst the challenges, it is important for the general public to take some precautions to avoid health complications.

1. Let's try to treat common diseases at home

In such a situation, there may be a shortage of medicines in the market. There may be a long wait for treatment at the hospital. In such a situation, if you experience symptoms such as a common cold, cough, or sore throat, do not go to the hospital unnecessarily. Let's adopt easy treatment measures at home.

- Gargling with salt water

- Drinking hot water, taking steam

- Resting, drinking plenty of water

- Home treatment using basil, ginger, and turmeric

Common fever and cough are self-healing in nature within two to three days, so let's be patient until it gets worse. However, if you experience severe symptoms, it is appropriate to seek advice from a health worker or go to a health facility.

2. Let's take special precautions to avoid contaminated water

Government structures, sewers, and water pipes have been damaged. These can lead to harmful chemicals, waste, or infectious elements mixing with water. There is a high possibility of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and diarrhea spreading, and chemical substances can cause many problems, so let's be careful.

– Drink only water that has been boiled for at least 10 minutes

– Use filtered or bottled water as much as possible.

– Pay special attention to the quality of water while cooking.

3. Take precautions to avoid fire and pollution

When houses burn, gas tanks explode, and structures are destroyed, toxic gases and dust are released into the environment, causing air pollution to reach high levels.

– Make it a point to wear a mask when going out.

– Avoid places with excessive dust and smoke as much as possible.

– People with asthma, allergies, or lung problems should be extra careful.

– Take special care of our young children.

4. Provide first aid for burns and wounds

Incidents of burns or injuries due to fires are increasing. Minor wounds can become serious if not treated immediately.

– Apply cold water to the burned skin (but do not use ice).

– Use a cream called ‘Silver Sulfadiazine’ available at the nearest drugstore.

– Keep the wound clean, do not use dirty bandages.

5. Management of physical fatigue of those involved in the movement

Many young people involved in the movement may be in pain. In such a situation, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics or painkillers can be harmful.

– Take a hot bath, immerse your hands and feet in cold water

– Apply salt water compresses

– Get plenty of rest

– Eat fruits, soft foods, and protein-rich foods

– Do light exercise

6. Be sensitive to mental health

During the peak of the movement, people make impulsive decisions due to the effects of adrenaline. In some cases, it leads to regret and deep mental stress. Losing a relative, getting injured, and the collapse of the country's infrastructure can all weaken morale.

– Reading an inspirational book. Accepting the current situation and trying to get used to it.

– Trying to reduce mental stress through yoga and meditation.

– Talking openly with relatives.

– Seeking entertainment (music, books, quiet movies) as much as possible.

7. Avoid misinformation and uncontrolled use of medicines

There are many cheap treatments or suggestions on the Internet. Not all of them are true and safe. If you need information about any medicine you use, you can call the Drug Information Center and get free advice.

Toll-free number: 1660-01-21500, Landline: 01-591311

Email: [email protected] WhatsApp/Viber: 9801236161

You can get information about the medicine you are using by contacting the above-mentioned means. To get basic information about medicines, you can read the contents of the book Medicine Knowledge Healthy Life here for free.

Therefore, do not search for medicines on Google or use AI. Consult an experienced person (pharmacist, health worker). Because taking medicines indiscriminately can cause more problems.

8. Stay in touch with family

Parents in the village may be very worried when they do not receive news of their children who have joined the movement. Rumors and fear may spread.

– Let us reassure our relatives by calling or sending messages from time to time.

– Let us also convey messages to worried families.

We must all move forward as citizens, consciously, with consensus, and with restraint. The crisis will pass, times will change, but in the meantime, every life we ​​save will be invaluable.

The government's policy and intention to close social media

 The government's policy and intention to close social media

Many of our ruling parties feel that they came to power forever

Why did the government initially consider the option of banning while regulating? This must be reviewed within the ruling coalition, the Congress-UML. Social media companies should also take the initiative to protect the personal rights of ordinary users while addressing the interests of Nepal.

The government's decision to register social media, or else regulate or close it, has basically taken two legal bases. One, the Directive 2080 on Regulating the Use of Social Media. Two, the latest order of the Supreme Court.

The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology has already directed the Telecommunication Authority to close 26 social media networks, including Facebook, X, and Instagram, based on these two legal bases.

Internet service providers will probably implement the authority's letter by tomorrow, Friday evening. After that, most of the social media networks that are running like parts of our own bodies will no longer be active. Only a few networks, including Viber and TikTok, will be options.

While Minister for Communications and Information Technology Prithvi Subba Gurung, who is also the Deputy General Secretary of UML, was giving the directive, his own party MP and former Minister for Communications Gokul Baskota was heard to sarcastically say, ‘The government has started preparing to make North Korea.’

Communists often like to exaggerate. We do not think that the country will become North Korea if the above-mentioned networks are shut down. This is the interesting and strange aspect of Nepal’s politics, that rivals form the government together. And then an opposition is born from within the party.

If we analyze former Minister Baskota’s comments outside the power struggle within UML, there is certainly a fear that civil liberties will be compromised under the pretext of binding networks within the legal system.

A common question that can be raised about network operators, including Facebook, is that they do not have to register and be regulated according to the laws prevailing there in various other countries, let alone register in Nepal, let alone even give a proper answer? Isn't it necessary for multinational companies that operate smoothly in Nepal to be registered in accordance with the rules? Or do these companies consider themselves above the country itself?

Many in power, including him, are not happy that social media users who once praised Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli day and night are now being criticized.

Companies such as Meta should enter into effective dialogue to be included in Nepal's legal system and registered. They should also take the initiative to protect the personal rights of ordinary users by addressing Nepal's concerns.

This is necessary because the style of network operators who deprive themselves of financial benefits by deriving income from the content of Nepali network users and even content creators is not logical. Since such social media platforms are not tied to the formal tax system, money is being smuggled through illegal channels. They should consider this aspect themselves.

But when considering these aspects, our question is not only aimed at network operators. The government of our country, which is faced with the responsibility of implementing the Directive 2080 on the systematic use of social media and the latest mandate of the Supreme Court, is not the only one. The more important responsibility is to protect and implement the nation's constitution, which must fully respect the freedom and privacy of citizens. And even the interpretations of the court cannot deviate from the original spirit of the constitution.

If we listen to the views of Communications Minister Prithvi Subba Gurung, he seems to be as tolerant of the different opinions of citizens as he seems to be towards Meta and other network operators. Otherwise, instead of repeatedly issuing information, he would have adopted digital diplomacy through another effective channel by now.

Let us remember that many in power, including him, do not like the fact that social media users who once praised Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli day and night are now criticizing him.

Many of our rulers feel that they have come to power forever. The momentary lust for power makes them addicted to the level of blindness. What needs to be kept in mind is that at the moment, the Maoist Center is in opposition and is opposing the government's move. Whereas earlier, when the government took a similar step to ban TikTok, Pushpa Kamal Dahal was the Prime Minister, and Rekha Sharma was the Minister of Communications.

Be it the press or social media - the voice of the citizen is dominant there. The mobile phones in the pockets are each person's mouthpiece. Not everyone's voice reaches the media. Some entrepreneurs here need Facebook, Twitter (X) not only to run the media, but also to promote the activities of the Prime Minister himself.

We press workers edit the content, and then publish it. On social media, sometimes it reaches a level of indiscriminateness. Some of the fake ID holders do not only express themselves freely, they also do character assassination. Even though organizations such as Meta have created community guidelines, it is not uncommon to worry about where the flood of unedited content will lead society. That concern is not only of the state, but also of the citizens.

But the content should be moderated within 24 hours of the letter being sent to the police showing this. Why promote the authoritarian trend of "take it or leave it"? Why make the government unnaturally stronger than the citizens by showing Meta or another company? What bravery is there in silencing the voices of the citizens who elect the government!

There is no reason for social media platforms to be forced to meet certain standards of the state. Their method of taking everything they can from the state and giving nothing to the state is not right.

Gurung's speech and behavior in the process of regulating social media, starting from the Media Council Bill, advocates for freedom of expression directed by the government. What Prime Minister Oli himself should consider is that the question here is not only about Meta and other big technology companies, but about those common people, some of whom cannot read or write.

They have not been able to connect with the government's goal of declaring a fully literate nation. They connect with their children and grandchildren abroad through video calls just by seeing pictures on Facebook or WhatsApp. They run small retail businesses.

We do not have our own social media. There are internationally established platforms, which are run by common people. Some of the government's mechanisms, their emails, etc. are connected. Why did the government initially consider the option of banning them while regulating? This must be reviewed within the ruling coalition, the Congress-UML.

There is no reason for social media platforms to be forced to meet certain standards set by the state. Their method of taking everything they can from the state and giving nothing to the state is not right. It is the government's responsibility to bring them into dialogue through technology diplomacy and regulate those who do not. This responsibility cannot be fulfilled by simply posting information on the wall. There are many technology enthusiasts in this country. It is better to ask elected representatives among them to communicate with the relevant companies!

Natural, synthetic and blended fabrics: Which is better?

 Natural, synthetic and blended fabrics: Which is better?

The main types of fabrics are natural, synthetic and blended, which are classified based on different properties and uses.

Cotton and linen fabrics are considered excellent for general use as they are environmentally friendly, comfortable and durable.

When choosing fabrics, the weather, purpose of use and budget should be taken into account; cotton and linen are suitable in summer, wool and acrylic in winter.

Fabrics are part of our daily lives, which come in different types based on different materials, textures and uses. From natural fabrics like cotton and linen to synthetic fabrics like polyester and nylon, each has its own characteristics and importance.

Let's briefly learn about the main types of fabrics, their properties and which fabrics are suitable in which situations:

Types of fabrics

Natural fabrics

Natural fabrics are obtained from animals, plants or minerals. They are environmentally friendly and biodegradable.

1. Cotton

The source of cotton fabric is the fruit of the cotton plant. This fabric is soft, breathable, light and sweat-absorbent. It is comfortable on the skin. Kurtas, saris, t-shirts, linen towels, etc. made of this fabric are available in the market. Such fabrics are cheap, durable and easy to care for. However, such fabrics are prone to wrinkles and discoloration.

2. Silk

The source of silk fabric is the cocoon of silkworms. The characteristic of this fabric is that it is shiny, soft and luxurious, which gives a light and cool feel. Sarees, dresses, scarves and special occasion clothes are made from this fabric. This fabric is beautiful and shiny to look at and is comfortable on the skin. However, this fabric is expensive, difficult to care for and can be damaged by water.

3. Wool

The source of wool fabric is the hair of sheep, goats or other animals. Talking about the characteristics of this fabric, it is warm, durable and flexible. Sweaters, coats, hats, and winter clothes are made from it. Wool is warm and naturally water-resistant.

4. Linen

The source of linen fabric is the flax plant. This fabric is light, breathable, and strong. Linen pants are very trendy lately. Linen dresses, shirts, and T-shirts are also in fashion. This fabric is environmentally friendly, cool, and durable. However, this fabric wrinkles easily and is a bit expensive.

5. Jute

The source of jute fabric is the jute plant. Talking about the characteristics of this fabric, it is strong, tough, and environmentally friendly. It is used to make sacks, bags, and decorative items. It is cheap and biodegradable.

Synthetic fabrics

Synthetic fabrics are made through chemical processes. They are usually cheap and durable.

1. Polyester

Polyester fabrics are strong, wrinkle-resistant, and color-fast. It is used to make clothing, curtains, and furniture covers. Polyester is a cheap, durable, and easy-to-care-for fabric. However, this fabric is impermeable and uncomfortable on the skin.

2. Nylon

Nylon fabrics are light, strong, and flexible. They are used to make socks, ropes, and sportswear. Such fabrics are water-resistant and long-lasting. However, nylon fabrics can be uncomfortable in summer and can burn the body.

3. Rayon

Rayon fabrics are shiny and soft like silk, but cheaper than silk. It is used especially to make dresses, kurtas, and decorative items. It is a cheap alternative to silk. However, it is not durable and can be damaged by water.

4. Acrylic

Acrylic fabrics are soft, light, and warm like wool. They are used to make sweaters, carpets, and winter clothes. This fabric is cheap and the color also lasts a long time.

Blended fabrics

Blend fabrics are made from a combination of natural and artificial fibers. They combine the characteristics of both.

1. Cotton-Polyester

Cotton and polyester blended fabrics are soft, durable, and wrinkle-resistant. They are used primarily in school uniforms, shirts, and pants. They are inexpensive and easy to care for.

2. Wool-Acrylic

Cotton and acrylic blended fabrics are warm, soft, and inexpensive. They are used to make sweaters and winter clothing. Clothing made from this fabric is cheaper than wool, but less durable.

Which fabric is best?

Which fabric is best depends on the purpose of use, weather, personal preference, and budget. However, if we consider general criteria such as comfort, durability, eco-friendliness, and versatility, then cotton and linen are often considered the best.

Why is cotton fabric good?

Cotton fabric is soft and breathable, which keeps the skin fresh. It is suitable for both summer and mild winter. Good quality cotton clothes last a long time and do not deteriorate even after repeated washing. Also, organic cotton is eco-friendly and chemical-free.

It is also biodegradable. Cotton can be used to make various items such as T-shirts, sarees, kurtas, jeans, bed sheets and towels. Also, cotton is available all over the world and is cheaper than other natural fabrics like silk or linen.

Why is linen good?

Linen clothes are cool and comfortable. Linen is very comfortable in summer because it allows air to circulate well. Linen is also stronger than cotton and lasts longer. The flax plant requires less water and chemical fertilizers, which makes it environmentally friendly. The natural luster and texture of linen make it luxurious.

Why are these two great?

Both cotton and linen are gentle on the skin and are less likely to cause allergies. Both are great in summer, And cotton can also be used in mild winters. Cotton is easy to wash and maintain, while linen requires a little more care. Both organic cotton and linen are less harmful to the environment, especially compared to synthetic fabrics such as polyester.

Why are other fabrics less good?

Silk: Expensive and difficult to care for.

Wool: Only suitable for winter, and can cause itchy skin.

Polyester, nylon: Difficult to breathe and harmful to the environment.

Jute: Less suitable for making clothes, stiffer.

Which fabric is suitable for which situation?

For summer: Cotton, linen and rayon

For winter: Wool, acrylic and blended fabrics

Special occasions: Silk and velvet

Sports or outdoor activities: Nylon, polyester and blended fabrics

Cheaper and more durable option: Cotton-polyester blends.

What are the health risks of repeatedly frying samosas and jerry in oil?

 What are the health risks of repeatedly frying samosas and jerry in oil?

Experts say, ‘Reusing oil increases the risk of heart attack, cancer and other diseases.’

Repeated heating of oil has a negative impact on health as it causes chemical changes and increases the amount of trans-fat.

It is recommended to store oil properly and use new oil.

Often, samosas, pakodas, jerry, etc. are cooked in the same oil repeatedly in chowks and markets. Some people even use the remaining oil after cooking food once in their own homes and kitchens. What happens when oil is used repeatedly in this way?

Experts say, ‘Reusing oil increases the risk of heart attack, cancer and other diseases.’

Not only at home but also in restaurants and roadside stalls, food is prepared by reheating oil. This has a negative impact on health. This can be responsible for many diseases, says senior nutritionist Bhupal Baniya.

Health effects of reusing oil

1. Chemical changes and increase in trans-fat

Repeated heating of cooking oil changes its chemical and nutritional properties. According to a study published in the Journal of Food Science and Technology (2021), repeated heating of oil increases the amount of ‘total polar compounds’, which is harmful to health.

These compounds damage the structure of the oil and increase the level of trans-fat. Bania says that trans-fat increases the risk of heart disease by increasing the amount of bad cholesterol.

According to a study published in the Journal of Nutrition 2020, reheated oil produces free radicals, which damage cells. Free radicals cause oxidative stress, which increases the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

2. Cancer risk

Harvard T.H. A study by the Chan School of Public Health (2022) noted that reheated oil produces toxic substances such as aldehydes.

These substances can damage DNA, which encourages the growth of cancer cells. In particular, the oil used in fried foods is repeatedly heated, which increases the amount of these toxins, Bania said.

According to a study published in the International Journal of Cancer (2019), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in reheated oil increase the risk of cancer in the lungs, skin and other organs. This risk is especially high in fried foods in hotels and restaurants, where the oil is heated for a long time.

3. Inflammation

Reheated oil promotes inflammation. According to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2021), the production of free radicals and other harmful compounds in reheated oil damages blood cells. Chronic inflammation can lead to diseases like heart disease, joint pain, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis.

4. Bacterial infections

When food particles remain in the oil, they encourage the growth of bacteria, says nutritionist Ayush Adhikari. He says, “If used oil is not stored properly, it can lead to the growth of bacteria like Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism. This is a serious food poisoning that can cause muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and other complications.”

5. Increase in cholesterol and acidity

According to a study published in the European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology (2023), the amount of saturated fat and oxidized lipids in repeatedly heated oil increases.

These compounds increase cholesterol levels, which harm the heart and blood vessels. In addition, the use of such oil can cause acidity, gas and digestive problems in the stomach, said Adhikari.

Ways to avoid reusing oil

Adhikari says that reusing oil can be avoided by cooking less. He says, "Do not use more oil than necessary and cook in small quantities. This reduces the chances of oil remaining."

You should try to use fresh oil every time you cook. If oil remains, he suggests storing it properly. After the used oil cools down, it should be carefully filtered to remove food particles. This prevents the growth of bacteria, said Adhikari.

"If oil is left over while cooking, it should be stored properly," says Adhikari. "The oil should be stored in a cool and dry place, away from sunlight and heat. Keeping it in the refrigerator reduces the growth of bacteria."

To avoid health problems caused by reusing oil, nutritionist Baniya suggests staying away from fast food and packet food. “These foods should be consumed less frequently as heated oil is frequently used in roadside stalls and restaurants,” says Bania.

He also says that it is important to avoid heating oil for a long time while cooking.

“When cooking, use mustard oil, olive oil or other oils with low saturated fat,” suggests Bania. “These oils are less harmful to heart health.”

Different oils have different smoke points. For example, olive oil is suitable for use at low heat, while sunflower or canola oil can be used at high heat. He also suggests paying attention to these things.

According to Bania, if there is a change in the color, smell or texture of the oil, it should be discarded. No. Such oil may contain high levels of harmful compounds, so the quality of the oil should be checked before use.

What should be the diet and lifestyle during the rainy season?

 What should be the diet and lifestyle during the rainy season?

The rainy season lasts from Asar to Bhadra. According to Ayurveda, various changes occur in the body during this time.

Light and digestible food and regular hygiene and exercise are necessary during this time.

Health and immunity can be increased during the rainy season by adopting home remedies and precautions.

The rainy season adorns Nepal, including the Indian subcontinent, from Asar to Bhadra. According to Ayurveda, the rainy season is associated with the elements of water and air. This time is a time of nourishment and transformation. It is believed that during this season, there are significant changes in the properties of the atmosphere and environment, which can affect our physical and mental health.

This season is considered a period of purification and removal of toxins because rain is seen as a natural cleanser, which washes away toxins and impurities from the atmosphere and the earth.

There are generally 6 seasons in Nepal. Ayurveda science has a special discussion on routine and seasonal habits. Each season has a separate description of diet, habits and lifestyle.

Dr. Dipen Devkota MD, Kayachitika

The rainy season, i.e. the rainy season, which usually falls from Asar to Bhadra, is considered a very sensitive time for our body. According to Ayurveda, the environment is cold and humid during this time, which can be a major cause of imbalance in the Vata dosha in the body.

In addition, when the summer heat ends and the cold begins, our digestive power also weakens, which is called ‘Mandagni’ in Ayurveda. Therefore, during the rainy season, food is not digested properly, gas, indigestion, joint pain, fatigue, laziness, skin diseases, colds and other problems may appear.

Therefore, Ayurveda emphasizes the need to take special care during the rainy season. To keep the body in balance during this time, special attention should be paid to diet, sleep, exercise and thinking. Keeping all these things in mind and following the seasons is called Ritucharya in Ayurveda.

What to eat during the rainy season?

During the rainy season, eating too much oily, spicy, sour or cold food is not good for our body. Therefore, we should eat light and digestible food during the rainy season. It is considered best to use a diet rich in sweet, sour, salty and fatty foods. It is good to eat foods made from old barley, wheat and sali rice dishes like anna. Similarly, foods such as meat of land animals and meat juice processed with spices, khichdi, hot dal rice, dal soup, wine made from grapes, corn bread, hot vegetable soup, and greens are suitable.

It is good to drink hot water. It is better to avoid eating raw milk, curd, chiura, ice cream, cold drinks during this time, because such foods increase the problems of gas, indigestion as well as vata and phlegm.

It is good to use sesame oil, ginger, cumin, asafoetida, turmeric, pepper, etc. in food, which strengthens the digestive power and balances vata and phlegm. It is best to eat hot food as much as possible, on time and in small quantities.

What to do from morning to night?

It is considered good to wake up early in the morning during the rainy season. Massaging the body with oil improves blood circulation and reduces joint pain. It is good to take a warm bath after massaging with sesame oil. Then you can do light exercises or yoga, such as Vajrasana, Trikonasana or Shavasana. Serious exercises, excessive intercourse or running too much should not be done, because the digestive power is weak.

Putting 2-2 drops of sesame oil or neem oil in the nose in the morning can prevent cold, headache or allergy. To avoid cold, it is necessary to wear warm, light clothes and keep the body dry. It is not good to sleep during the day during the rainy season, it weakens the digestive system even more. You should eat light food at night. Do not sleep immediately after eating, it is better to wait at least 2 hours. The bed should be clean and comfortable. You should sleep with your body covered to avoid back pain or cold.

Natural Treatments and Home Remedies

Since the immune system decreases during the rainy season, it is good to take some Ayurvedic medicines regularly. Triphala, Guduchi (Giloy), Haritaki, Dashamool, Hingwashtak powder, etc. are helpful in improving digestion and increasing the immune system. Ginger and honey, basil leaves, turmeric water, pepper, etc. can be used at home. Boiling basil, ginger and pepper in hot water once a day and drinking it can prevent colds, coughs and infections.

Water, environment and our behavior

Special precautions should be taken while drinking water in the rain. Drink lukewarm water that has been boiled and cooled as much as possible. Do not drink water from rivers, tanks or mud. Also, walking in water, getting wet or staying in very cold places can cause diseases in the body.

If your clothes get wet, dry them immediately. It is advisable to carry an umbrella or wear a raincoat when going out to protect yourself from rain or getting wet. It is very important to keep the area around the house clean, to prevent the accumulation of garbage, to prevent water from stagnating, and to prevent the spread of weeds.

Washing your hands regularly with soap and water, especially before eating, and keeping your surroundings clean can help prevent the spread of diseases. It is also important to avoid things like overexertion and prolonged exposure to the sun.

Mental and emotional health

Due to less sunlight and the outbreak of asthma during the rainy season, some people may feel mentally tired, irritable, or sad. Therefore, it may be a good idea to think positively, engage in laughter, meditate and yoga, listen to music, or read a favorite book.

Advice for children, the elderly and the sick

Children, the elderly and those who are already sick should take special care during the rainy season. Keeping them warm, feeding them hot food, protecting them from cold and giving them regular oil massages will increase their immunity. It is important to consult a doctor before using any medicine.

Although the rainy season is naturally a pleasant time, it is challenging for the body. If we adopt a seasonal lifestyle as prescribed by Ayurveda, we can live a healthy, energetic and disease-free life even during the rainy season. By following Ayurvedic Ritucharya by adopting cheap, easy and home remedies, the body gains the strength to fight diseases on its own.

Why do people get headaches and red eyes after drinking alcohol?

 Why do people get headaches and red eyes after drinking alcohol?

A headache after drinking alcohol is a common problem, which people know as a ‘hangover’. That is why most people say they have a hangover after drinking too much alcohol.

According to an article based on a study published on the American website National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), a hangover refers to the symptoms that appear as a result of drinking too much alcohol.

What science says is that when we drink too much alcohol, we experience a hangover, or when our head starts to hurt, we feel dizzy, and by that time there is no alcohol left in our body.

Why do we get headaches after drinking alcohol?

Dr. Rajiv Jha says that headaches are common after drinking alcohol. ‘Alcohol itself is a bad drink, which keeps the body in its grip for a long time,’ says Dr. Jha, ‘A person who drinks alcohol can have a hangover for two days. That is why people who drink alcohol experience headaches, body aches, laziness, and weakness.

After drinking alcohol, there is an immediate and another long-term side effect. Headache is an immediate side effect, says neurologist Sunilram Koirala. ‘Alcohol is a substance that mixes with the blood as soon as it reaches the stomach. Its full effect starts to be seen within 10 minutes to one to two hours,’ says Dr. Koirala. ‘Our brain needs to be informed by the nervous system. Various chemicals are being produced there. Alcohol blocks them and changes the brain’s information system.’

That is why people who drink alcohol start to experience problems such as being unable to think, unable to make decisions, slurred speech, and unable to remember, says Koirala. He says, ‘Alcohol overstimulates our nervous system and brain, making it almost like thinking.’

Alcohol is made from ethanol. Ethanol is a type of poison found in alcoholic beverages. Enzymes in our body break it down and convert it into various other chemicals. The most important of these is acetaldehyde. The main cause of hangovers is this acetaldehyde, says Dr. Saroj Kumar Suwal, a specialist in orthopedics and neurology.

According to Dr. Suwal, when alcohol is broken down in our liver, a more toxic chemical called acetaldehyde is formed. A substance called glutathione tries to make acetaldehyde less toxic. But when you drink a lot of alcohol, the level of glutathione decreases and acetaldehyde starts accumulating in large quantities in the body. It is broken down further and converted by enzymes into another chemical, acetate.

This acetate chemical is converted into fatty acids and water. Acetaldehyde enters the bloodstream and is distributed around the body. It damages healthy cells and causes hangovers, including dizziness.

Drinking too much alcohol can lower blood sugar levels, which can lead to weakness, lightheadedness, and fatigue, says Dr. Suwal. “After drinking alcohol, you urinate more than usual,” says Dr. Suwal. “In this case, not drinking enough water can lead to dehydration. Dehydration can trigger headaches and migraines in people with migraines. Also, people with migraines are more likely to have hangovers after drinking alcohol.”

Alcohol consumption also affects sleep. Most people drink alcohol late at night. As a result, they do not get enough sleep. This is also why they experience fatigue and headaches, said Suwal.

Why do eyes turn red after drinking alcohol?

Alcohol has different effects on each person. Alcohol consumption slows down the speed of communication between neurotransmitters in the brain. This can delay the brain and eye receiving messages. It weakens the coordination of the eye muscles. Due to which excessive alcohol consumption can cause problems such as dry eyes and redness, says Dr. Koirala.

When the effects of alcohol increase, the amount of sugar in the blood decreases. Koirala says that due to the lower amount of sugar in the blood than required, the eyes become blurry and vision becomes weak and the eyes become red.

Prevention methods

You can find a lot of information on social media about ways to reduce alcohol hangover. However, Dr. Koirala says that none of the methods have been scientifically proven to be effective.

‘There is no medicine to get rid of a hangover,’ says Dr. Koirala, ‘it starts to go away on its own after some time. You have to wait for the person’s body to digest alcohol, eliminate toxins from the body, rehydrate, repair the cells that have been burned by alcohol, and restore normal brain activity.’

To reduce the effects of a hangover, you need to reduce the amount of alcohol. He says that the more you reduce the amount, the less hangover you will have.

14 Questions and Answers about HPV Vaccine Against Cervical Cancer

 14 Questions and Answers about HPV Vaccine Against Cervical Cancer

What is the HPV vaccine?

The vaccine against cervical cancer is called the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.

Why get it?

– To prevent cervical cancer and other diseases caused by the HPV virus

– To prevent cervical cancer, which is the most common type of cancer in women

Who should get it?

– The younger the age, the better

– Most effective in the age group of 9 to 14

– Women can also get it as per the doctor's advice

Where is it available?

This vaccine can be given in private hospitals. Currently, the government is providing it free of charge through the vaccination program campaign.

Who is the free vaccine for?

– Girls from grades 6 to 10, and girls aged 10 to 14 if they do not go to school

When will the vaccination campaign start?

– It will run for 15 days from Magh 23 to Falgun 6.

Which company's vaccine is being given?

– Nepal is currently preparing to provide the Cicoline brand vaccine made in China.

How much should be administered?

– This vaccine is only given once.

How effective is this vaccine?

– It is claimed that this vaccine is 91 percent effective. It is 100 percent safe if administered before becoming sexually active.

Where can the vaccine be administered?

– It can be administered in government and private schools and nearby health institutions in all seven provinces.

Can it be administered individually?

– Women who are not covered by the vaccination campaign can go to a private hospital to get it.

How much does it cost?

– The price of the HPV vaccine in Nepal can range from 3,000 to 10,000 rupees in the private sector.

What happens if you don't get the vaccine?

– If you don't get the vaccine, you can get infected with the HPV virus and develop cervical cancer. Every year, 2,000 people die from cervical cancer in Nepal.

Isn't this vaccine for medical trials?

The HPV vaccine is a reliable vaccine being provided in Nepal under the cervical cancer prevention program in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization.

One dose of HPV vaccine is enough

The government gave free HPV vaccine to girls against cervical cancer in Bhadra last year. 10,000 girls who have completed 14 years and have not completed 15 years were given HPV vaccine from central hospitals in all seven provinces. At that time, the vaccine was given in two doses.

But in the nationwide vaccination campaign that will be launched from 22 Magh on the occasion of World Cancer Day, only one dose is being given.

The World Health Organization has recognized three vaccines against cervical cancer, out of which the vaccine being given in Nepal is of the Cicoline brand made in China. The Cicoline brand vaccine was given last Bhadra as well.

But why was the vaccine dose reduced this time?

Dr. Abhiyan Gautam, who is the head of the Child Health and Vaccination Branch, said that the dose of the vaccine was reduced on the recommendation of the new research, guidelines and the Vaccination Advisory Committee. “Research has shown that even one dose works completely,” Dr. Gautam said, “The antibodies that should be formed after vaccination are the ones that are needed to protect the body from the virus.” It turned out that one dose did not make a difference.’

In this campaign, a total of 1.688 million 768 people, including girls from grades 6 to 10 who do not go to school, including girls aged 10 to 14, will be vaccinated. A total of 1.77 million 20 vials of vaccine will be received from Gavi for that. So far, 1.5 million vials of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine used against cervical cancer have been received in three phases. The remaining two will arrive in a few days, according to the Department of Health Services.

The government is conducting a vaccination campaign from Magh 23 to protect girls from cervical cancer. The HPV vaccination campaign will run for 15 days (Magh 23 to Falgun 6). 18,900 schools have been designated as vaccination centers. 8,000 centers have been designated in health institutions other than schools.

Dr. Gautam said that 27,080 health workers, 54,160 volunteers, and 15,674 supervisors will be mobilized for the vaccination campaign. "We have planned to vaccinate girls at the school level from January," Gautam told Online News. "We also vaccinate children outside of school through health institutions."

The HPV virus is contagious and spreads easily. It is mainly transmitted through skin-to-skin contact.

According to doctors, the main reasons for the virus infection are getting married at a young age, having children at a young age, having many children, having children in a short period of time, having sex with many people, having unprotected sex, smoking and drinking a lot, and not paying attention to genital hygiene.

According to doctors, 80 percent of people are infected with HPV by the time they reach the age of 30 to 45. If women and men can get vaccinated before they come into contact with the HPV virus, it will give the best results. Because the vaccine prevents infection. But if the virus has already settled in the body, it cannot make it free from infection.

The HPV vaccine also protects against cervical cancer, anal cancer, throat and genital cancer. According to doctors, the HPV vaccine, if administered before sexual intercourse, provides 90 percent protection for life.

Doctors say that since HPV-related cancers may not show any symptoms in the early stages, vaccination and regular screening are necessary. Since the government is unable to easily provide the vaccine, private organizations have been importing and distributing the vaccine at their own expense. Therefore, women are forced to pay high fees for the vaccine.